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G.P.S. System: By: Sir Umair Rasheed
G.P.S. System: By: Sir Umair Rasheed
SYSTEM
BY: SIR UMAIR RASHEED
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE.
BY :
JAWAD ALIBSET01111037
BSET01113054
SIDRA REHMAN
BSET01111058
CONTENTS
HISTORY.
WHAT IS GPS?
GPS ELEMENTS.
HOW IT WORKS?
GPS SIGNALS & FREQUENCIES.
SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL ERRORS.
HOW TO IMPROVE THE ACCURACY OF GPS.
LIMITATIONS.
APPLICATIONS(VEHICLE TRACKING).
FUTURE OF GPS.
CONCLUSION.
HISTORY:
Navigating by stars (requires clear nights and careful measurements)
most widely used for centuries
The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the limitations of
previous navigation systems.
GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense and was
originally run with 24satellites.
It became fully operational in 1995. Bradford Parkinson, Roger L. Easton,
and Ivan A. Getting are credited with inventing it.
WHAT IS GPS?
GPS means
A space-basedsatellite navigationsystem
provideslocationand time information in all weather.
OVERVEIW
GPS ELEMENTS.
Three segments
1. Space segment.
Space
Segment
Control
Segment
2. Control segment.
3. User segment.
User
Segment
SPACE SEGMENT
GPS satellites fly in circular orbits at an altitude of 20,200 km and with a
period of 12 hours.
Powered by solar cells.
The satellites continuously orient themselves to point their solar panels toward the sun
and their antenna toward the earth.
CONTROL SEGMENT
MONITOR STATIONS
Checks the exact altitude, position, speed,
and overall health of the orbiting satellites.
The control segment ensures that the GPS
satellite orbits and clocks remain within
acceptable limits.
GROUND ANTENNAS
USER SEGMENT.
GPS receivers are generally composed of
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Geometric Principle:
You can find ones location if you know its distance from other,
already-known locations.
The Almanac is a file which contains positional information for all of the GPS satellites
A third
measureme
nt narrows
our location
to just two
points.
A fourth
measuremen
t determines
which point
is our true
location
ACCURACY
The position calculated by a GPS receiver relies on three
accurate measurements:
Current time
Position of the satellite
Time delay for the signal
GPS SIGNALS
Coarse/Acquisition code.
Precision code.
Navigation message.
Almanac.
Data updates.
GPS FREQUENCIES.
L1 (1575.42 MHz)
L2 (1227.60 MHz)
L3 (1381.05 MHz)
L4 (1379.913 MHz)
L5 (1176.45 MHz)
FREQUENCY INFORMATION
The C/A code is transmitted on the L1 frequency.
The Precision-code is transmitted on both the L1 and L2 frequencies.
L3 is used by the Defense Support Program to signal detection of
missile launches, nuclear detonations, and other applications.
L4 is used for additional correction to the part of the atmosphere that is
ionized by solar radiation.
L5 is used as a civilian safety-of-life signal.
FREQUENCY L2C
Launched in 2005, L2C is civilian GPS signal, designed specifically to
meet commercial needs.
L2C enables ionospheric correction, a technique that boosts accuracy.
Delivers faster signal acquisition, enhanced reliability, and greater
operating range.
L2C broadcasts at a higher effective power making it easier to receive
under trees and even indoors.
3.GPS Jamming :
It limits the effectiveness of the GPS signal.
GPS jammer is a low cost device to temporarily disable the reception of the civilian coarse acquisition (C/A) code.
3. Atmospheric errors
Speed of GPS signal is affected by ionosphere &
troposphere.
Which cause a deviation of 0 to 30 m. from the
actual position of receiver.
.
4.Multi-path error :
Bouncing of GPS signal due to a reflecting surface before reaching to receiver antenna.
Which cause a deviation of 0 to 1 m. from the actual position of receiver.
METHODS OF IMPROVING
ACCURACY.
Precision monitoring
Dual Frequency Monitoring
Carrier-Phase Enhancement (CPGPS)
Relative Kinematic Positioning (RKP)
Augmentation
AUGMENTATION SYSTEM.
Nationwide Differential GPS System (NDGPS)
Ground-based augmentation system that provides increased accuracy and
integrity of GPS information to users on U.S. land and waterways.
The system consists of the Maritime Differential GPS System operated by
the U.S. Coast Guard and an inland component funded by the Department
of Transportation.
LIMITATIONS
GPS can provide worldwide, three-dimensional positions, 24 hours a
day, in any type of weather.
But, There must be a relatively clear "line of sight" between the
GPS antenna and four or more satellites.
Hence it becomes too difficult to ensure reliable positioning. These
difficulties are particularly prevalent in urban areas.
The GPS signal may bounce off nearby objects causing another
problem called multi path interference.
APPLICATIONS
Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations
VEHICLE TRACKING.
Monitor-track-spy
How it works
APPLICATIONS- MILITARY
CONCLUSION.
GPS, a satellite based navigation system, thus can be used to determine the
position of an object on earth.
Its application field is vast and new applications will continue to be created as
the technology evolves.
GPS can also interfaced with other similar projects such EUs GALILEO to account
for unpredictable applications.
Thus, the GPS constellation, like manmade stars in the sky, can be used for
guiding and navigation.