M U

nhim mi trng ang l mt vn bc xc ca x hi hin nay.

nhim mi trng c tc ng xu i vi sc kho con ngi (c bit l gy
ra cc bnh ng h hp), nh hng n cc h sinh thi v bin i kh hu
(hiu ng "nh knh", ma axt v suy gim tng zn),...
Cng nghip ho cng mnh, th ho cng pht trin th ngun thi gy
nhim mi trng cng nhiu, p lc lm bin i cht lng mi trng
theo chiu hng xu cng ln, t m yu cu bo v mi trng ngy
cng quan trng. T em la chn ti nghin cu: Phn tch mi
trng.

I.MI TRNG V NHNG VN LIN QUAN

1. KHI NIM MI TRNG
Mi trng (Environment), c hiu chung l tt c nhng g xung
quanh chng ta.
Ngoi ra c 1 s cch nh ngha khc nhau nh:
- Masn v Langenhim (1957) cho rng mi trng l tng hp cc yu
t tn ti xung quanh sinh vt v nh hng n sinh vt.
- Joe Whiteney (1993) th cho rng mi trng l tt c nhng g ngoi
c th, c lin quan mt thit v c nh hng n s tn ti ca con ngi
nh: t, nc, khng kh, nh sng mt tri, rng, bin, tng ozn, s a
dng cc loi.

1. KHI NIM MI TRNG

- Lng T Dung, V Trung Giang (Trung Quc) nh ngha mi
trng l hon cnh sng ca sinh vt, k c con ngi, m sinh vt v
con ngi khng th tch ring ra khi iu kin sng ca n.
- Chng trnh mi trng Lin hip Quc (UNEP) nh ngha Mi
trng l tp hp cc yu t vt l, ha hc, sinh hc, kinh t x hi, tc
ng ln tng c th hay c cng ng.
- Theo Lut Bo v Mi trng Vit Nam (1994), Mi trng bao
gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t vt cht nhn to quan h mt thit vi
nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng ti i sng, sn xut, s tn
ti, pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin.

2. PHN LOI MI TRNG

Mi trng vt l:
Kh quyn (atmosphere)
Thch quyn (lithosphere)
Thy quyn (Hydrosphere)
Mi trng sinh vt (Sinh quyn)
Mi trng nhn vn

2. PHN LOI MI TRNG

Kh quyn (atmosphere):
- Cn c gi l mi trng khng kh.
- L lp kh bao quanh Tri t, ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong
vic duy tr s sng ca con ngi, sinh vt;
- Kh quyn quyt nh tnh cht kh hu, thi tit trn Tri t.

Hnh 1: Cc tng trong lp kh quyn

2. PHN LOI MI TRNG

Thy quyn (Hydrosphere):
- Cn gi l mi trng nc.
- L phn nc ca Tri t, bao gm nc i dng, bin, sng, h, ao, sui,
nc ngm, bng tuyt, hi nc trong t v trong khng kh.
- Thy quyn ng vai tr khng th thiu c trong vic duy tr cuc sng
con ngi, sinh vt, cn bng kh hu ton cu v pht trin cc ngnh kinh t.

Nc trong cc bin, i
dng

Nc trn lc a

Nc trong kh quyn

2. PHN LOI MI TRNG

Thch quyn (lithosphere)
- Cn gi l a quyn hay mi trng t.
- Bao gm lp v Tri t c dy t 60-70km trn phn lc a v 2030km di y i dng.
- Tnh cht vt l, thnh phn ha hc ca a quyn nh hng quan
trng n cuc sng con ngi, s pht trin nng, lm, ng nghip, cng
nghip, giao thng vn ti, th, cnh quan v tnh a dng sinh hc
trn Tri t.

2. PHN LOI MI TRNG

Sinh quyn
- L cc phn ca mi trng vt l c
tn ti s sng.
- Sinh quyn bao gm phn ln thu
quyn (gm c c s sng di i
dng) lp di ca kh quyn v lp
trn ca thch quyn.
- Nh vy, sinh quyn khng th tch
ri cc thnh phn khc ca mi trng
v lun chu tc ng ca vic thay i v tnh cht l ho ca cc thnh
phn ny.
- Sinh quyn tn ti v pht trin trn c s s tin ha ca mi trng vt l.

2. PHN LOI MI TRNG

- c trng cho hot ng sinh quyn l cc chu trnh trao i vt cht
nng lng.
- Cc thnh phn ca mi trng sinh vt khng tn ti trng thi tnh
m lun lun c s chuyn ha trong t nhin theo cc chu trnh Sinh- a Ha v lun lun trng thi cn bng ng.
- Cc chu trnh ph bin trong t nhin l chu trnh cacbon, chu trnh nit,
chu trnh photpho, chu trnh lu hunh v.v... l cc chu trnh chuyn ha cc
nguyn t ha hc t dng v sinh (t, nc, khng kh) vo dng hu sinh
(sinh vt) v ngc li.
- Mt khi cc chu trnh ny khng cn gi trng thi cn bng th to ra
din bin bt thng v mi trng, gy tc ng xu cho s sng ca con
ngi v sinh vt mt khu vc hay qui m ton cu.

Mi trng nhn vn

2. PHN LOI MI TRNG

Bao gm cc yu t vt l, ho hc ca t, nc, khng kh, cc yu t

sinh hc v cc iu kin kinh t x hi quyt nh s sng v pht trin
nhn cch con ngi.
Do tc ng ca thin nhin n con ngi ni chung v nhn cch ni
ring, v vy chng ta cn chung tay bo v mi trng

CC CHC NNG C BN CA MI TRNG

Cc chc nng c bn ca mi trng i vi sinh vt
ni chung v con ngi ni ring:
L khng gian sinh sng cho con ngi v sinh vt;
L ni cha ng cc ngun ti nguyn cn thit cho i sng v sn xut
ca con ngi;
L ni cha ng cc cht ph thi do con ngi to ra trong cuc sng
v sn xut;
Lm gim nh cc tc ng c hi ca thin nhin ti con ngi v sinh
vt;
Lu tr v cung cp cc thng tin cho con ngi.

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

1/ CO
Cc PHH c bn to thnh CO
(1) Qu trnh chy khng hon ton: 2C + O2 2CO
(2) P gia CO2 vi cc cht hu c cha C: CO2 + C 2CO
(3) Phn hy nhit cao: CO2 CO + O
Ngun pht sinh:
- Hng nm quy m ton cu lng CO thi ra khong 350 triu tn, trong
do t nhi chim 21,4 % cn li l do hot ng ca con ngi
- Cc qu trnh t nhin nh: hot ng ca ni la, s phng in khi bo,.
- Cc hot ng ca con ngi: Giao thng vn ti, cc qu trnh cng nghip,
hot ng sinh hot ca con ngi,.

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

Kh thi t cc nh my, khu cng nghip

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

2/ Cc oxit nit
NOx m i din l NO, NO2 l cc cht gy nhim khng kh ch yu
Cc PHH c bn to thnh NO, NO2

N 2 +O
2

1210-17650C

2NO+O 2

11000C

2NO
2NO 2

Ngun pht sinh:

Hng nm, trn th gii hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong t nhin l gii
phng khong 5.108 tn NOx, cn hot ng ca con ngi lm gii
phng gii phng khong 5.107 tn

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

3/ Hydrocacbon
Cc ngun t nhin thi ra mt lng ln cc hidrocacbon trong CH4
chim a phn
PHH c bn to thnh

2{CH 2O}

VSV

CO 2

CH 4

Ngun pht sinh: c sinh ra t cc qu trnh sinh hc, nh s men

ho ng rut ca ng vt c guc, cu v nhng ng vt khc, s
phn gii k kh t ngp nc, rung la, chy rng v t nhin liu
ho thch.

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

4/ SOx
PHH c bn to thnh

S O 2 SO 2
2SO 2 O 2 2SO3
Ngun pht sinh:
- Cc qu trnh t nhin nh: hot ng ca ni la chim 67%
- Cc hot ng ca con ngi: chim 33% trong :
+ S t chy nhin liu ti cc nh my in chim 74%
+ Giao thng vn ti chim 2%
+ Cc ngnh cng nghip khc chim 22%

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

5/ Cc ion v c ha tan:
Nhiu ion v c c nng rt cao trong nc t nhin, c bit l
trong nc bin.Trong nc thi th lun cha mt lng ln cc ion
Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, Na+, K+,.
Amoni v amoniac (NH4+, NH3): Tiu chun Mi trng Vit Nam v
nc mt (TCVN 5942-1995) quy nh nng ti a ca amoni (hoc
amoniac) trong ngun nc dng vo mc ch sinh hot l 0,05 mg/L
hoc 1,0 mg/L cho cc mc ch s dng khc.
Nitrat (NO3-): TCVN 5942-1995 quy nh nng ti a ca nitrat
trong ngun nc mt dng vo mc ch sinh hot l 10 mg/L (tnh theo
N) hoc 15mg/L cho cc mc ch s dng khc.

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

Photphat (PO43-): Photphat khng thuc loi ha cht c hi i vi
con ngi, nhiu tiu chun cht lng nc khng quy nh nng ti
a cho photphat
Sulfat (SO42-): nng cao, sulfat c th gy hi cho cy trng.
Clorua (Cl-): c th gy ra v mn ca nc do t nhiu nh hng
n mc ch n ung v sinh hot.
Cc kim loi nng: Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd, As, Mn,...thng c trong nc
thi cng nghip. Hu ht cc kim loi nng u c c tnh cao i vi
con ngi v cc ng vt khc.

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

STT

Ngt

Ngun thi

STT

Ngt

Ngun thi

As

Thuc tr su,
cht thi ha hc

Cd

Cht thi cng nghip m,

m kim loi

Be

Than ,
cng nghip v tr

Than , sn xut cht ty

ra

Cr

M kim loi

Cu

M kim loi, cht thi

sinh hot, cng nghip m

Pb

Cng nghip m,
xng

Hg

Cht thi cng nghip,

thuc tr su

Bng 1: Ngun cht thi 1 s kim loi nng

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

Bng 2: Chun quy nh ca 1 s kim loi nng trong t nhin

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

6/ Cc cht hu c
Cc cht hu c d b phn hu sinh hc
+ Cacbonhidrat, protein, cht bo thng c mt trong nc thi sinh
hot, nc thi th, nc thi cng nghip ch bin thc phm
+ nh hng c hi n ngun li thu sn, v khi b phn hu cc cht
ny s lm gim oxy ho tan trong nc, dn n cht tm c.
Cc cht hu c bn vng
+ Cc cht hu c c c tnh cao thng l cc cht bn vng, kh b vi
sinh vt phn hu trong mi trng, c kh nng tch lu sinh hc trong c
th sinh vt
+ Cc cht ny thng l cc tc nhn gy nhim nguy him, ngay c
khi c mt vi nng rt nh trong mi trng.

3. CC CHT GY NHIM MI TRNG

Nhm hp cht phenol
Phenol v cc dn xut phenol c trong nc thi ca mt s nghnh
cng nghip (lc ho du, sn xut bt giy, nhum)
TCVN 5942-1995 quy nh nng ti a ca cc hp cht phenol
trong nc b mt dng cho sinh hot l 0,001 mg/l.
Nhm ho cht bo v thc vt(HCBVTV) hu c.
Hin nay c hng trm, thm ch hng ngn cc loi HCBVTV ang
c sn xut v s dng dit su, cn trng, nm mc, dit c, l tc
nhn gy ung th.
TCVN 5942-1995 quy nh nng ti a cho php ca tng cc
HCBVTV trong nc b mt l 0,15 mg/l, ring vi DDT l 0,01mg/l.

HU QU CA VIC GY NHIM MI TRNG

Nc nhim st

Khng kh b nhim

t b nhim

HU QU CA VIC GY NHIM MI TRNG

4. PHN TCH MI TRNG

Phn tch mi trng c th c nh ngha l s nh gi mi trng t
nhin v nhng suy thoi do con ngi cng nh do cc nguyn nhn khc
gy ra (quan trc v cc yu t ca mi trng ni chung).
y l vn rt quan trng v qua chng ta c th bit c yu t
no cn c quan trc v bin php no cn c p dng qun l, gip
chng ta c th trnh khi cc thm ha sinh thi c th xy ra.
- Trong nhng nm gn y nghin cu sinh thi khng ch l s tip cn
v cht lng m cn c s lng.
- c th hiu bit v nh gi v mt h sinh thi i hi phi quan
trc y s bin ng theo khng gian v thi gian ca cc yu t mi
trng c v s lng v cht lng c lin quan n cu trc v chc nng
ca h. l cc tnh cht l, ha, v sinh hc ca h sinh thi

QUAN TRC MI TRNG

- nh ngha 1: Quan trc mi trng l qu trnh theo di c h thng
v mi trng, cc yu t tc ng ln mi trng nhm cung cp thng
tin phc v nh gi hin trng, din bin cht lng mi trng v cc
tc ng xu i vi mi trng. (Mc 17, iu 3, lut BVMT 2005).
- nh ngha 2: Quan trc mi trng ch mt quy trnh lp i lp li
cc hot ng quan st v o lng mt hay nhiu thng s cht lng
mi trng, c th quan st c nhng thay i din ra trong mt
giai on thi gian. (ESCAP, 1994).
- nh ngha 3: Quan trc mi trng l vic theo di thng xuyn
cht lng mi trng vi trng tm, trng im hp l nhm phc v cc
hot ng bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng (Cc mi trng,
2002).

CC DNG QUAN TRC MI TRNG

+ Theo thnh phn MT: - Quan trc cht lng nc
- Quan trc cht lng khng kh
- Quan trc cht lng t
+ Theo mc tiu:

- Quan trc din bin cht lng MT t nhin

- Quan trc nhim cng nghip...

+ Theo thi gian:

- Quan trc di hn (thay i kh hu ton cu)

- Quan trc trong thi gian nht nh (s c MT)

+ Theo i tng quan trc:

- Quan trc ha l
- Quan trc sinh hc
- Quan trc cc ch tiu khinh t - x hi
- Quan trc cc quy trnh, hin tng, chu trnh

5. CC NGUN GY NHIM
C nhiu ngun nhim da trn cc cch phn loi khc nhau. Trong :
Phn loi theo mi trng, gm:
nhim mi trng khng kh
nhim mi trng nc
nhim mi trng t
Phn loi theo tc nhn
Ngun t nhin
Ngun nhn to

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

- Chy rng: Cc m chy rng v ng c bi cc qu trnh t nhin xy
ra do sm chp, c st gia thm thc vt kh nh tre, c. Cc m chy ny
thng lan truyn rng, pht thi nhiu bi v kh,gy nhim cho mi
trng

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

- Bo bi: gy nn do gi mnh v bo, ma bo mn t
sa mc, t trng v gi thi tung ln thnh bi. Nc bin
bc hi v cng vi sng bin tung bt mang theo bi mui
lan truyn vo khng kh.

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

- Cc qu trnh phn hu, thi ra xc ng, thc vt t nhin: cng
pht thi nhiu cht kh, cc phn ng ho hc gia nhng kh t nhin
hnh thnh cc kh sunfua, nitrit, cc loi mui v.v... Cc loi bi, kh ny
u gy nhim khng kh.

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

- Sng bin tung bt mang theo
bi nc bin lan truyn vo
khng kh.

- Cc ht bi c hnh
thnh bi mt lot cc cht,
chng hn nh phn hoa, bi
v cc cht hu c khc

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

Do vi khun, vi sinh vt

Do cht phng x t nhin:

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

Bi t cc thin thch cha: Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, K, Ti, Cr,

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

2. Ngun nhn to:
- nhim t sn xut cng nghip ti cc nh my, lng ngh,...do: Qu
trnh t nhin liu thi ra rt nhiu kh c nhng cha c x l v thi ra
mi trng. Trong , mc CO2 trong kh quyn tng l mt trong nhng
nguyn nhn chnh ca nhim khng kh.

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

-Cc ngnh cng nghip ch yu gy nhim khng kh bao gm:
+ Nhit in;
+ Vt liu xy dng;
+ Ho cht v phn bn;
+ Dt v giy;
+ Luyn kim;
+ Thc phm;
+ Cc x nghip c kh;
+ Cc nh my thuc ngnh cng nghip nh;

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

Giao thng vn ti
-Phng tin giao thng, c gii tng nhanh.
-70% lng kh thi l do cc phng tin giao thng vn ti.
- th cng pht trin th s lng phng tin GTVT lu hnh trong
th cng tng nhanh. y l p lc rt ln i vi mi trng khng kh th.

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

nhim do hot ng xy dng
+ Cc hot ng xy dng nh o lp t, p ph cng trnh, vt liu xy
dng b ri vi trong qu trnh vn chuyn, thng gy nhim bi rt trm
trng i vi mi trng khng kh xung quanh, c bit l nhim bi, nng
bi trong khng kh cc ni c hot ng xy dng vt tr s tiu chun
cho php ti 10- 20 ln.

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

nhim do hot ng sinh hot un nu.

5.1. NGUN GY NHIM KHNG KH

nhim do rc thi

5.2. NGUN GY NHIM NC

S ngun nc b nhim

Tc ng iu kin t nhin

Ma

ng t

Ni la

Cc hin
tng
khc

Nc t nhin
Nc thi

Trn du

Cc hoat ng khc

Tc ng ca iu kin nhn to

5.2. NGUN GY NHIM NC

1. Ngun t nhin:
-L do ma, tuyt tan, l lt, gi bo hoc do cc sn
phm hot ng sng ca sinh vt, k c xc cht ca
chng.

C th rt nghim trng nhng khng thng xuyn nn khng phi l

nguyn nhn chnh gy suy thoi ton cu

5.2. NGUN GY NHIM NC

2. Ngun nhn to:
Nc thi sinh hot

nhim ngun nc do rc thi hu c

5.2. NGUN GY NHIM NC

- T cc hot ng cng nghip:

5.2. NGUN GY NHIM NC

T hot ng sn xut nng, ng nghip:

+ Trong sn xut nng nghip:

+ Trong sn xut ng nghip:

phn, nc tiu gia sc, thc n

thc n, nc trong h, ao nui lu

tha khng qua x l a vo mi

ngy b phn hy khng c x l

trng- thuc tr su, phn bn

tt m x ra sng sui, bin gy

nhim ngun nc.

5.2. NGUN GY NHIM NC

- T y t:
+ Nc thi y t c kh nng lan truyn
rt mnh cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l
i vi nc thi c x ra t nhng
bnh vin hay nhng khoa truyn
nhim, ly nhim.

Nc thi bnh vin

5.3. NGUN GY NHIM T

Kh hu

Ni la

Xi mn lng
ng

Cng
nghip

T nhin

Nhn to

Do cht thi

Sinh
hot

Nng
nghip

5.3. NGUN GY NHIM T

1. Ngun t nhin:
- Trong cc khong vt hnh thnh nn t thng cha mt hm lng
nht nh kim loi nng, trong iu kin bnh thng chng l nhng
nguyn t trung lng v vi lng khng th thiu cho cy trng v sinh
vt t, tuy nhin, trong mt s iu kin c bit chng vt mt gii
hn nht nh v tr thnh cht nhim.
V d: Asen trong t v v phong ha: Hm lng trung bnh ca asen
trong t Ty Bc dao ng trong khong t 2,6-11 ppm. Trm tch ven
b Vit Nam c hm lng asen dao ng 0,1- 6,1 ppm. Cao nht khu
vc ven b Bc Liu, C Mau, Ph Yn, Qung Ngi.
- Do phun tro ni la, ma bo gy ngp ng t ai, t b nhim mn
do xm thc thy triu, t b vi lp do ct bay hoc hn hn

5.3. NGUN GY NHIM T

2. Ngun nhn to:
- p lc tng dn s i hi nhu cu tng lng thc,
thc phm ngy cng nhiu t :
+ S dng ha cht nh bn phn v c, thuc dit c, thuc
tr su tng.
+ S dng cht kch thch sinh trng lm gim tht thot
v to ngun li cho thu hoch.
+ M rng cc h thng ti tiu.
- Vic y mnh th ha, cng nghip ha v
mng li giao thng lm cho t b nhim.

5.3. NGUN GY NHIM T

- nhim t do cc cht thi sinh hot:
+ Cht thi rn th cng l mt nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng
t nu khng c qun l thu gom v kim sot ng quy trnh k thut.
+ Cht thi rn th rt phc tp, n bao gm cc thc n tha, rc thi
nh bp, lm vn , dng hng , g, thy tinh, nha, cc loi giy thi,cc
loirc ng ph bi, bn, l cy
+ cc thnh ph ln , cht thi rn sinh hot c thu gom , tp
trung ,phn loi v x l. Sau khi phn loi c th ti s dng hoc x l rc
thi th ch bin phn hu c, hoc t chn. Cui cng vn l chn lp
v nh hng ti mi trng t.

5.3. NGUN GY NHIM T

- Do gia nh thi ra nhiu loi rc.

Thuc tr su b vt ba bi trn t hay gn ngun nc sinh hot.

5.3. NGUN GY NHIM T

- nhim t do cc cht thi nng nghip:
+ nhim mi trng t ti cc bi chn lp c th do mi hi thi sinh
ra do phn hy rc lm nh hng ti sinh vt trong t, gim lng oxi
trong t.
+ nhim do phn bn ha hc, cc cht c hi.
+ Nc r t cc hm v bi chn lp c ti lng nhim cht hu c
rt cao ( thng qua ch s BOD v COD) cng nh cc kim loi nng nh
Cu , Zn, Pb, Al ,Fe, Cd , Hg v c cc cht nh P ,N, cng cao. Nc r
ny s ngm xung t gy nhim t v nc ngm.
+ nhim mi trng t cn c th do bn cng rnh ca h thng thot
nc ca thnh ph l m thnh phn cc cht hu c , v c, kim loi to
nn cc hn hp cc phc cht v n cht kh phn hy.

5.3. NGUN GY NHIM T

- Do cht thi t hot ng nng nghip ch yu l rc thi hu c nh
thc phm h hng..

5.3. NGUN GY NHIM T

- Do cht thi t hot ng cng

nghip

TC NHN GY NHIM
Ngoi ra, cn c th phn loi theo tc nhn gy nhim:
- nhim t do tc nhn ho hc
+ nhim t do kim loi nng
+ nhim t do cc cht c ha hc khc
+ Lng ng acid
- nhim do tc nhn vt l
+ nhim nhit
+ nhim t do cc cht phng x
- nhim do tc nhn sinh hc