FLUID MEASUREMENTS OVERVIEW In this first section, you are introduced to three types of fluid measurements commonly used in the p + gas-oil ratio, + water cut, + and orifice meter calculations for determining gas production. GAS-OIL RATIO Gas produced along with oil is called ‘associated’ gas. The ratio of this produced gas to the produced are typically tracked on a regular basis for each production well, and are one indication of how well t! Water CuT In some wells, water may be produced along with oil. This water is called ' produced! water. The perce indicator of the well's performance.JOE teense contd isinentetedhin Shinde 6S? Weaheobfomaion | My amin DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY DENSITY The density of any substance-solid, liquid, or gas-is defined as its weight per unit volume. Typical operations and hydrostatic pressure calculations are two examples where knowledge of density is im can always be calculated. ‘SPECIFIC GRAVITY The specific gravity of a liquid or solid can be calculated by dividing the weight of a volume of the liq measurement are used. Likewise, specific gravity can be calculated by dividing the density of the sub: When specific gravity is calculated from densities and vice versa, the two density numbers must use t The specific gravity of gas is calculated in a slightly different manner and will be covered in a differen specific gravity of crude oil, the lighter the crude and the more its worth on the market. This is becau: API GRAVITY SCALE The API gravity scale was adopted by the petroleum industry in the early twentieth century as an alte that it ‘stretches out’ small differences in specific gravities. These two equations are used to convertCOE tes stckconstgicchaiventetensin Rindeth D~ OS? Weshetod foment Pressure is defined as force per unit area. The most commonly used unit of pressure is pounds per sc hydrostatic pressure made by each segment of a fluid column. For example, fresh water has a pressure gradient of 0.433 psi per foot. That is, each foot of a column be calculated by multiplying its specific gravity times the pressure gradient for fresh water, which is 0 PRESSURE AND FORCE OVERVIEW Force is defined as ‘an influence tending to cause movement’. Force is created when pressure acts on pressure by that area. This table lists common units of pressure and force. Pressure forces are a princ Wireline is used to lower various tools or equipment down a well, such as production logging tools a has pressure at the wellhead. Wireline surface equipment is temporary equipment attached to the to assembly, known as the Christmas tree, situated at the top of the well SouD WIRELINE Solid wireline, commonly referred to as slickline because of its ‘slick’ or smooth surface, has many pr¢ below the stuffing box experiences wellhead pressure, while the portion outside the stuffing box exp pressure equals the magnitude of that pressure times the cross-sectional area of the wireline.JOE teense contd isinentetedhin Shinde 6S? Weaheobfomaion | My amin =U ‘overcome both this force and the friction created by the stuffing box. Sinker bars, or stems, are incluc be 50 percent greater than the expected upward forces. SINKER BAR LENGTH Once the required sinker bar weight has been calculated, we must determine how many feet of sinke alternative to the chart is this simple ‘rule of thumb’ formula based on sinker bar diameter. The formt However, this equation is not to be used for lead or tungsten sinker bars. ACIDIZING ‘OVERVIEW Acidizing is one of the most common ways to stimulate a well for improving its productivity. Itis not acid treatment, known as matrix acid treatment, is shown here. During a matrix treatment, acid is pun perforations and removes damage near the well bore. Perforations are holes made through the well formation containing quantities of oil, gas, or both. ACID MIXTURE Pumping the wrong strength acid solution may mean the difference between a successful treatment commencing. High strength acid is usually diluted with water on location prior to the acid treatment.OILFIELD ECONOMICS OVERVIEW Tn this section, we introduce three very common calculations that relate to oilfield econamics: lifting « LIFTING COsTs Lifting costs are defined as those expenditures that are paid out of pocket to produce the well. Exam maintenance, and taxes. ECONOMIC LIMIT The economic limit of a well is reached when the cost to produce, or lift it, equals the revenue it gene lifting a lot of water along with the oil equals the revenue from the sale of the oil. One way to look at PAVOUT Determining the payout of a particular operation is one of the most important calculations that can b money on this well, is the cost justified? How long will it take to recover the investment? This could aj production from a well. It is always desirable to have your investment recovered in the shortest time |ECONOMIC LIMIT The economic limit of a well is reached when the cost to produce, or lift it, equals the revenue it gene lifting a lot of water along with the oil equals the revenue from the sale of the oil. One way to look at PAYOUT. Determining the payout of a particular operation is one of the most important calculations that can t money on this well, is the cost justified? How long will it take to recover the investment? This could a production from a well. It is always desirable to have your investment recovered in the shortest time SUMMARY OBJECTIVES In this module, you learned to: + Explain fluid measurements. + Calculate the density and specific gravity of a solid or liquid. * Differentiate between specific gravity and API gravity + Explain the effect of downhole static pressure on wireline operations.