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Scleroza Multipla
Scleroza Multipla
SCLEROZA MULTIPL
Compston A. The story of Multiple Sclerosis in McAlpines Multiple Sclerosis. 3 rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone 1998.
Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000 ; 343 : 905-14.
Structura SNC
Brain
Sensory function
Corpus Callosum
Cervical
plexus
Spinal
cord
Diencephalon
Afferent neuron
Thoracic
plexus
Lumbar
plexus
Pons
Cerebellum
Sacral
plexus
Efferent neuron
Adapted from Snell R.S. Clinical Neuroanatomy 3rd edition 2001. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Motor function
Gray matter
Brain
Spinal cord
Gray matter
White matter
White matter
Adapted from Snell R.S. Clinical Neuroanatomy 3rd edition 2001. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Synapse
Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
Microglial cells
Oligodendrocytes
Adapted from Snell R.S. Clinical Neuroanatomy 3 rd edition 2001. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Striurile de mielin
Neuron
Axon
Axon
Axoplasm
Oligodendrocyte
Node
of Ranvier
Adapted from Snell R.S. Clinical Neuroanatomy 3 edition 2001. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
rd
Myelin
sheath
Bariera hemato-encefalic
Astrocyte
Glucose
Perivascular foot
Endothelial cell
Erythrocyte
Adapted from Snell R.S. Clinical Neuroanatomy 3 rd edition 2001. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Epidemiologie
Prevalen dependent
de latitudine
Factori de mediu
VRSTA DE DEBUT
30 - 40 ani
ETNICITATE
Risc
crescut
Inciden
30
Nord- europeni,
US Caucasieni,
Canadieni
Australieni
Albii sud-africani
Albii sud-europeni
25
20
15
10
5
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Risc
sczut
Negri africani
Orientali
Decad
Compston A. Genetic susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis in Mc Alpines Multiple Sclerosis. 3 rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone 1998.
INFECII CLINICE
varicel
rujeol
rubeol
EBV
VIRUSURI ISOLATE
RETROVIRUS (MSRV)
HHV-6
TRAUMATISME
Traumatisme electrice
Coexisten cu
spondilita cervical
Compston A. Distribution of Multiple Sclerosis in Mc Alpines Multiple Sclerosis, p 98.3 rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone 1998.
Factorii genetici
Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000 ; 343 : 938-52.
SCLEROZA MULTIPL
OBSERVAII NEURO-IMMUNOLOGICE
Histologice1
Morfologia plcii: infiltrate
Inflamatorii ce conin limfocite
activate i mediatori imunologici.
Analiza LCR:
- Sinteza intrathecal de IgG
- prezena benzilor oligoclonale
de IgG
- limfocitelo activate
Date terapeutice1
Modaliti terapeutice
eficiente:
Imunosupresoare
Imunomodulatoare
1. Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 938-52.
2. Mc Donald I. Diagnostic methods and investigation in Multiple Sclerosis in Mc Alpines Multiple Sclerosis.
3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone 1998.
Cytokines
Antibodies
ACTIVATION
Cytokines
Large granular
lymphocyte
Cytotoxic T cell
Neutrophil
Macrophage
Adapted from Roitt I., Brostoff J., Male D. Introduction to the immune system in Immunology 5 th edition . Edts Mosby 1998.
4- DEMIELINIZAREA
3- INFLAMAIA
Astrocyte
Adapted from Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 938-52.
Demyelinating antibodies
ACTIVARE
Autoreactive
T cell
Systemic circulation
Blood brain
barrier
Adhesion molecules
(VCAM-1, ICAM-1 + E selectin)
Endothelial cell
Matrix metallo
proteases(penetration)
ADEZIUNE
Adapted from Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 938-52.
Endothelial cell
Demyelinating antibodies
Autoreactive T cell
Activated antigen
presenting cell
Classe II MHC
TNF
Putative MS Ag
CD4+ Th1cell
IFNIL 1,
IL 4, IL 10
IFN
IL 12
Macrophage
TCR
Cytokine-mediated injury
CD4+Th2 cell
INFLAMMATION
Adapted from Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 938-52.
Neuron
Class I restricted
CD8+ T cell
Class I MHC
Axon
Oligodendrocyte
Adapted from Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 938-52.
Myelin
FIZIOPATOLOGIA DEMIELINIZARII
Celulele imune, cytokinele si anticorpii: rol in demielinizare
FIZIOPATOLOGIA DEMIELINIZARII
Inflamatie
Demielinizare
Pierdere axonala
TRIGGERI POTENTIALI IN SM
predispozitie
genetica
agent infectios
factori
de mediu
Gilden et al. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:195; Noseworthy et al. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:938.
SM
PATOGENEZA SM
Complexa si multifactoriala
Cauze/triggeri necunoscuti
Posibil sa intervina factorii
infectiosi
genetic
de mediu
Creste dizabilitatea
Timp
Axoni cu fenomene de
demielinizare activa (varfurile
de sageti)
Demielinizare extensiva
->sectionare axonala
(identificata prin prezenta
terminatiilor axonale ovoidale)
SCLEROZA MULTIPL
DIAGNOSTICUL SM
diagnosticul de SM se bazeaza pe
asocierea de semne clinice si paraclinice,
nu exista un singur semn / rezultat
investigatie cu valoare patognomonica
baza diagnosticului ramane demonstrarea
(obiectivarea) diseminarii in timp si spatiu
a leziunilor cu caracter inflamator
DIAGNOSTICUL SM
SEMNE SENZITIVE:
- parestezii, dureri
(semnul Lhermitte)
SEMNE MOTORII:
- deficit motor
piramidal
- spasticitate,
ANOMALII
VIZUALE:
- scotom central
- dureri oculare
- scaderea
ANOMALII TRUNCHI
CEREBRAL:
- diplopie
- dizartrie, disfagie, disfonie
- parestezii faciale
- pareza faciala
- oftalmoplegie internucleara
- nevralgie trigeminala
- vertij
ANOMALII CEREBELOASE
- ataxie, incoordonare
- disartrie cerebeloasa
- tremor cerebelos (+/-
SM DEBUT
MONOSIMPTOMATIC (45%): - nevrit optic
parestezii
- deficite motorii
POLISIMPTOMATIC (55%): - pacientul
prezint de la debut deficite motorii asociate
cu parestezii vertij, tulburri de echilibru
sau tulburri de sfincteriene
PRIMELE SIMPTOME
Parestesiii 21%
Vertij 5%
Matthews B. Symptoms and signs of Multiple Sclerosis in Mc Alpines Multiple Sclerosis. 3 rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone 1998.
SEMNE CLINICE
DEFICITE MOTORII: de obicei se instaleaz gradual, la
nceput un membru
- sindr. piramidal se completeaz rapid cu instalarea
spasticitii, exagerarea ROT, apariia clonusului i a
semnelor patologice.
TULBURRI DE SENSIBILITATE: parestezii (la nceput
paresteziile pot s remit, apoi, n fazele cronice ale SM
devin permanente);
- nevralgia trigeminala
SEMNE CEREBELOASE: pot fi prezente att la debutul
bolii, ct i n stadiile avansate;
- semnele cerebeloase au o semnificaie prognostic
nefavorabil.
SEMNE CLINICE
SEMNE CLINICE
SEMNE CLINICE
Dup 5 ani de la debutul bolii:
sindrom piramidal (85%)
sindrom senzitiv (80%)
sindrom cerebelar (70%)
sindrom de trunchi cerebral (65%)
tulburri sfincteriene (55%)
tulburri vizuale (50%)
CE ESTE UN PUSEU/ATAC DE SM
O tulburare neurologic de tipul celor
observate n SM
O raportare subiectiv sau o observaie
obiectiv
Cu o durat de min 24 de ore,
Se excud pseudoatacurile, episoadele
paroxisice singulare
SELECTIONAREA INVESTIGATIILOR
Pacient suspectat a avea o boala demielinizanta
IMAGISTICA IN SM
furnizeaza informatii
cantitative cu o mare
specificitate, referitoare la
extinderea distructiei
tisulare de la nivelul
leziunilor focale si a
substantei albe aparent
normale (NAWM) cat si
a substantei cenusii.
macromolecule
(mielina).
ATROFIA CEREBRALA
ATROFIA CEREBRALA
BPF ca Indicator al atofiei cerebrale
31 ani- control
BPF 0.87
Z score = 0
36 ani
RR-MS (2ani)
43 ani
SP-MS (19ani)
BPF 0.85
Z score = -2,6
BPF 0.71
Z score = -20.8
Diffusion
RMN FUNCTIONAL
evidentiaza modificari
precoce ale bolii, prin
determinarea activarii
functionalae ale unor
arii coricale, in
comparatie cu subiectii
sanatosi, demonstarnd
plasticiatea corticala
prezenta inca din
primele faze ale bolii.
DIAGNOSTICUL ELECTROFIZIOLOGIC
Poteniale evocate
SM dovedit
SM suspectat
Anormale n
Abnormale n
Visuale
90 %
70 %
Auditive
50-75 %
25 %
Somatosensoriale
80%
Mc Donald I.Diagnostic methods and investigation in Multiple Sclerosis in Mc Alpines Multiple Sclerosis.
3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone 1998.
20 %
EXAMINAREA LCR
Moderat cretere a proteinelorl (0,5-0,7g/l)
Mc Donald I. Diagnostic methods and investigation in Multiple Sclerosis in Mc Alpines Multiple Sclerosis.
3rd ed London: Churchill Livingstone 1998.
DIAGNOSTICUL SM
CRITERII DIAGNOSTICE N SM
2 sau >
PREZENTAREA
CLINIC 1
DATE SUPLIMENTARE
NECESARE
Diseminarea
n spaiu
Dissemination in time
by MRI
or second clinical
attack
2 saumulte
>
1 2 sau mai
atacuri;
Nici
una: datele
clinice
dou sau mai multe
demonstrat
de:
date clince
obiective
sunt
RMNinsuficiente pentru
atacuri;
1
pentru 1 leziune
sau un LCR (datele
pozitiv i 2 sau mai
diagnostic
sau
clinice
ulterioare
cu
leziuni (separeteor n
timp
2 or more
cordi
lesions or 4-8 brain and 1 cord lesion
adecvate
exact pentru SM)
localizri
1
or positive VEP with 4-8
MRI lesions diferite
necesar separate
n
or positive VEP with less than 4 brain lesions plus 1 cord lesion
AND
spaiu)
Dissemination in time by MRI or continued progression for 1 year
Mc Donald et al Recommended diagnostic criteria for Multiple Sclerosis: Guidelines from the International Panel on
the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2001; 50: 121-127.
2 pusee ;
semne clinice
obiective pentru 2
leziuni ;
2 pusee ;
semne clinice
obiective pentru 1
leziune ;
1 puseu ;
semne clinice
obiective pentru 2
leziuni ;
1 puseu ;
semne clinice
obiective pentru 1
leziune ;
PPMS
progresie
neurologica insidioasa
sugestiva
pentru MS ;
Nici una
RMN pozitiv sau
2 leziuni sugestive detectate RMN +
LCR pozitiv sau
se asteapta un nou puseu cu alta
localizare ;
Nici una
Diseminare in timp
Nici una
Da *
Nici una
Da
Da
Da
DIAG.
SM
Da
FORME DE EVOLUTIE
Forma recurent - remisiva
(SMRR)
(SMSP)
(SMPP)
* Forma progresiva cu
recurente
(SMPR)
FORME DE EVOLUTIE
SM cu recderi i remisiuni
SM primar progresiv
10 %
SM secundar progresiv
Forma progresiv a SM
cu recderi
<5%
Adapted from Waubant L.E. et al. Pathophysiology of Multiple Scerosis Lesions. Science and Medicine 1997 ; 4 (6): 32-41.
Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 938-52.
Durata SM (ani)
Pusee
Inflamatia
multifocal
a, acuta,
recurenta
Nr. puseelor scade in timp, o data cu progresia
handicapului si scaderea inflamatiei
Degenerare
difuza,
cronica,
precoce,
progresiva
DIAGNOSTIC DIFERENIAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Diagnostic diferenial
Sindroame genetice
Afeciuni metabolice
Afeciuni autoimune
Tulburri de conversie.
Boli neoplazice
Boli vasculare
Afeciuni psihiatrice
Infecii
Nevrita optic,
Boala Marburg, etc.
Adapted from Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 938-52.
IMPORTANT IN DIAGNOSTIC
confirmarea diagnosticului de SM n cazul unui
istoric suspect necesit demonstrarea diseminrii
n spaiu i n timp a leziunilor, dup ce orice alt
afeciune posibil a substanei albe a fost
eliminat.
s nu existe nici o alt explicaie, mai bun,
pentru modificrile clinice i paraclinice decat SM.
o confirmare clinic se bazeaz pe examenul
obiectiv, nici un test paraclinic nefiind specific
pentru SM.
Minimal
disability
Death
Factori de prognostic
Prognostic bun
sex feminin
sex masculin
refacere complet
refacere iIncomplet
Vrst tnr
EVOLUTIE
90% dintre pacienii cu SM dezvolt forma SM-RR
EVOLUTIE
SCLEROZA MULTIPL
Management i tratament
Management SM
Neurologic
Oftalmologic
Fizioterapeut
Multidisciplinar
Asistent
Medicul generalist
Logoped
Asistent social
Tratamentul SM
Tratament simptomatic
Tratamente care
modific evoluia bolii
Corticoterapie
Tratamentul simptomelor
Compston A. Treatment and management of Multiple Sclerosis in Mc Alpines Multiple Sclerosis. 3 rd ed. London: Churchill
Livingstone 1998.
Noseworthy J.H. et al. Medical Progress: Multiple Sclerosis N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 905-14.
Tratament simptomatic
Fatigabilitate
Durere
Probleme de dispoziie
Probleme
senzitive
Tulburri sfincteriene
Tremor
Spasticitate
Tratament simptomatic
Spasticitate: Lioresal, Dantrolene, toxina
botulinica
Tremor cerebelos: Izoniazida, Clonazepam
Fatigabilitate: Amantadina
Tulburari urinare: Antideprin,Driptane
Tulburari psihice: antidepresive, anxiolitice
Kinetoterapie
Terapie ocupationala
psihoterapie