Knh cho thy v

cc bn

Ch : Khong vt
Thnh vin nhm:
1. H Th Thy Trang
2. L Ngc Hn

Ni dung

1.
nh
ngha
v
phn
loi

2.
Ngun
gc

3.
Cu
trc
tinh th

4. Phn
bit
khong
vt v

5.
Cc
khong
vt to

1.a nh ngha

Khong vt l
g???

Khong vt:
- L cc hp cht t nhin c hnh thnh
trong cc qu trnh a cht.
- L vt khng c t chc hu c nh: ,
t, ct, st,

 c phn loi nh l khong vt "tht s",

mt vt cht cn phi tn ti dng rn v c cu
trc kt tinh. N cng cn phi l vt cht c trong
t nhin, thun nht v c thnh phn ha hc xc
nh trc.
Hip hi Khong vt Quc t vo nm 1995
chp nhn mt nh ngha mi: Mt khong vt l
mt nguyn t hay mt hp cht ha hc thng
thng kt tinh v c to ra nh l kt qu ca
cc qu trnh a cht

1.b Phn loi

c phn loi nh l khong vt
"tht s", mt vt cht cn phi tn ti
dng rn v c cu trc kt tinh.
N cng cn phi l vt cht c trong t
nhin, thun nht v c thnh phn ha
hc xc nh trc
Cc phn loi mi cng bao gm c lp
hu c v d nh trong cc h thng
phn loi Dana v Strunz phin bn mi
Thnh phn ha hc c th thay i gia cc thnh
vin u-cui ca h khong vt.

1.b. Phn loi

C hn 4.900 loi khong vt c bit n,
trong c hn 4.660 loi c Hip hi
Khong vt hc quc t cng nhn.
Nhm khong vt silicat chim hn 90% v Tri
t.
Silic v xy chim khong 75% v Tri t, m chng ch
yu nm trong cc cu trc ca cc khong vt silicat
S a dng v phong ph ca cc loi khong
vt c iu khin bi thnh phn ha hc ca
Tri t.

Mt s khong vt
Actinolit
Acuminit
Adamit
Adamsit-(Y)
Adelit
Admontit
Aegirin
Aenigmatit
Aerinit
Aerugit
Aeschynit-(Ce)
Aeschynit-(Nd)
Aeschynit-(Y)
Afghanit
Afwillit
Agardit
Agrellit
Agrinierit
Aguilarit
Aheylit

Ahlfeldit
Aikinit
Ajoit
Akaganit
Akatoreit
Akdalait
kermanit
Aksait
Alabandit
Alamosit
Alarsit
Albit
Alforsit
Algodonit
Aliettit
Allanit
Alloclasit
Allophan
Almandin

Altait
Aluminit
Alunit
Alunogen
Amblygonit
Ameghinit
Amphibol (Nhm khong vt)
Analcit
Anatas
Andalusit
Andesin
Andradit
Anglesit
Anhydrit
Ankerit
Annabergit
Anorthit
Anorthoclas
Anthophyllit
Antigorit

Antimon
Antitaenit
Antlerit
Apatit Apophyllit
Aragonit
Archerit
Arctit
Arcubisit
Arfvedsonit
Argentit
Argutit
Armalcolit
Arsenic
Arsenopyrit
Arthurit
Artinit
Artroeit
Asisit
Astrophyllit

Atheneit
Aubertit
Augelit
Augit
Aurichalcit
Auricuprid
Aurostibit
Autunit
Axinit (nhm khong vt)
Azurit
Cc dng khng c xp
Agat (mt dng ca thch anh)
Alabaster (mt dng ca thch cao)
Alexandrit (mt dng ca chrysoberyl)
Allingit (mt dng ca h phch)
Alum
Amazonit (mt dng ca microclin)
Amber (h phch)
Ametit (mt dng ca thch anh)
Ammolit (hu c; cng c xem l
qu)
Amosit (mt dng ca amphibol)

Aquamarin (mt dng ca

beryl - ngc lc bo)
Asbest (mt dng ca
amphibol)
Avalit (mt dng ca Illit)
Aventurin (Mt dng ca
thch anh)
Babingtonit
Baddeleyit
Baotit
Barit (Baryt)
Barstowit
Barytocalcit
Bastnsit (nhm khong vt)
Bazzit
Benitoit
Bensonit
Bentorit
Berryit
Berthierit
Bertrandit
Beryl

Biotit
Birnessit
Bismit
Bismuth
Bismuthinit
Bixbyit
Bldit
Blossit
Boehmit
Boracit
Borax
Bornit
Botryogen
Boulangerit
Bournonit
Brammallit
Brassit
Braunit
Brazilianit
Breithauptit
Brewsterit
Brianit

Briartit
Brochantit
Brookit
Bromargyrit
Bromellit
Bronzit
Brucit
Brushit
Buddingtonit
Buergerit
Bukovskyit
Bytownit
Bc
Cc dng
khng c
xp:
Bauxit (qung
nhm)
Beckerit (nha
t nhin)
Bixbit (mt
dng ca

Cabriit
Cadmi
Cafetit
Calaverit
Canxit
Cancrinit
Calderit
Caledonit
Cancrinit
Canfieldit
Carnallit
Carnotit
Carobbiit
Carrollit
Cassiterit
Cavansit
Celadonit
Celestine
Celsian
Cementit
Cerit
Cerussit

Cesbronit
Ceylonit
Chabazit (nhm khong vt c
quan h gm vi nhm zeolit)
Chalcanthit
Chalcocit
Chalcopyrit
Challacolloit
Chaoit
Chapmanit
Charoit
Ch
Childrenit
Chlorargyrit
Chlorastrolit
Clorit (nhm khong vt)
Cloritoid
Chondrodit
Crmit
Crm
Crysoberyl
Crysocolla

Cinnabar
Clarkeit
Clinochrysotil
Clinoclas
Clinohedrit
Clinohumit
Clinoptilolit
Clinozoisit
Clintonit
Cobaltit
Coesit
Coffinit
Colemanit
Coloradoit
Columbit (nhm
khong vt)
Combeite
Connellit
Cooperit
Copiapit
Corderoit
Cordierit

Corundum
Covellit
Creedit
Cristobalit
Crocoit
Cronstedtit
Crookesit
Crossit
Cryolit
Cumberlandit
Cummingtonit
Cuprit
Cyanotrichit
Cylindrit
Cc dng khng c xp:
Carnelian (mt dng ca thch
anh)
Canxedon (dng n tinh ca
thch anh)
Chrysolit (forsterit mu vng
xanh)
Chrysopras (nicken lc cha

Coltan (khong vt
thuc nhm columbit)
Crocidolit (asbest
riebeckit)
Cymophan (mt dng
ca chrysoberyl)
Hnh tm mt ca
tinh th kim cng
th dng tinh
m.
Danburit
Datolit
Davidit
Dawsonit
Delvauxit
Descloizit
Diadochit
Diaspor
Dickit
Digenit
Diopsid

Dolomit
Erythrit
Domeykit
Esperit
Dumortierit
Ettringit
Cc dng
Euchroit
khng c
Euclas
xp:
Eucryptit
Delessit
Eudialyt
(magnesian
Euxenit
chamosit
Fabianit
magi)
Fayalit (nhm olivin)
Diatomit (to Fenspat (nhm khong vt)
diatomit)
Feldspathoid (nhm khong vt)
Edingtonit
Ferberit
Ekanit
Fergusonit
Elbait
Feroxyhyt
Elsmoreit
Ferrierit (ph nhm ca zeolit)
Emery (khong Ferrihydrit
vt)
Ferro-anthophyllit
Empressit
Ferrocolumbit
Enargit
Ferrohortonolit (nhm olivin)
Enstatit
Ferropericlas
Eosphorit
Ferrotantalit

Fergusonit (nhm khong

vt)
Fichtelit
Fluorapatit (nhm apatit)
Fluorcaphit
Fluorichterit (nhm
amphibol)
Fluorit
Fluorspar (tng t fluorit)
Fornacit
Forsterit (nhm olivin)
Franckeit
Frankhawthorneit
Franklinit (nhm spinel)
Freibergit
Freieslebeni
Fukuchilit
Cc loi khng c
xp:
Fassait mt dng ca
augit
Ferricret trm tch c

Galen
Granat (nhm
khong vt)
Garnierit
Gaylussit
Gehlenit
Geigerit
Geocronit
Germanit
Gersdorffit
Gibbsit
Gismondin
Glauberit
Glaucochroit
Glaucodot
Glauconit
Glaucophan
Gmelinit
Gtit
Goslarit
Graftonit
Greenockit

Greigit
Grossular
Grunerit
Guanin
Gummit
Gunningit
Cc dng khng
c xp:
Gedanit (nha ha
thch)
Glessit (nha t
nhin)
Khc bng hematit.
Haggertyit
Haidingerit
Halit
Halloysit
Halotrichit
Hanksit
Hapkeit
Hardystonit
Harmotom

Hawleyit
Haxonit
Heazlewoodit
Hectorit
Hedenbergit
Hellyerit
Hematit
Hemimorphit
Herbertsmithit
Herderit
Hessit
Hessonit
Heulandit
Hibonit
Hilgardit
Hisingerit
Holmquistit
Homilit
Hopeit
Hng ngc (corundum )
Hornblend
Howlit

Illit
Hornblend
Ilmenit
Howlit
Ilvait
Hbnerit
Humit
Iodargyrit
Hutchinsonit
Istisuit
Hyalophan
Ivanukit
Hydrogrossular
Jacobsit
Hydromagnesit
Jadarit
Hydroxylapatit
Jadeit
Hydrozincit
Jamesonit
Jarosewichit
Hypersthen
Cc dng khng c xp:Jarosit
Heliodor (Beryl mu vng Jeffersonit
lc)
Jerrygibbsit
Heliotrop (Mt dng ca Juonniit
canxedon)
Jurbanit
Hiddenit (mt dng ca Cc dng khng c
spodumen)
xp:
Hyalit (mt dng ca
Jad (khong vt mu lc
opan)
hoc l jadeit hoc l
Idocras (tn gi khc ca maphibol nephrit)
Jasper (mt dng ca
vesuvianit)

Kaatialait
Kadyrelit
Kainit
Kalininit
Kalinit
Kalsilit
Kamacit
Kambaldait
Kankit
Kaolinit
Kassit
Keilit
Kermesit
Kernit
Kerolit
Kieserit
Kim cng
Kinoit
Knebelit
Knorringit
Kobellit
Kogarkoit

Kolbeckit
Kornerupin
Kratochvilit
Kremersit
Krennerit
Kukharenkoit-(Ce)
Kutnohorit
Kyanit
Cc dng khng c
xp:
Keilhauit (mt dng
ca titan)
Krantzit (nha t
nhin)
Kunzit (mt dng ca
spodumen)
Labradorit
Lanarkit
Langbeinit
Lansfordit
Lanthanit
Laumontit

Lazurit
Leadhillit
Legrandit
Lepidocrocit
Lepidolit
Leucit
Leucophanit
Leucoxen
Levyn
Lewisit
Libethenit
Linarit
Liroconit
Litharg
Lithiophilit
Livingstonit
Lizardit
Lollingit
Lonsdaleit
Loparit-(Ce)
Lopezit
Lorandit

Lorenzenit
Ludwigit
Lu hunh
Lyonsit
Cc dng khng c
xp:
Lapis lazuli ( cha
ch yu lazurit, canxt
v pyrit)
Larimar (pectolit xanh
dng)
Lechatelierit (thy tinh
thch anh)
Lignit (mt loi than)
Limonit -(mineraloid)
Lodeston (tn gi khc
ca magnetit)
Lublinit mt dng
canxt
Mu malachit c nh
bng
Mica trng

Majorit
Malachit
Malacolit
Magnesioferrit
Manganit
Manganocolumbit
Manganotantalit
Marcasit
Margaritasit
Margarit
Mascagnit
Massicot
McKelveyit
Meionit
Melaconit
Melanit
Melilit
Melonit
Mendozit
Meneghinit
Mesolit
Metacinnabarit

Metatorbernit
Miargyrit
Mica (nhm
khong vt
silicat)
Microclin
Microlit
Millerit
Mimetit
Minium
Mirabilit
Mixit
Moganit
Mohit
Moissanit
Molybdenit
Monazit
Monohydrocalcit
Monticellit
Montmorillonit
(khong vt st)
Moolooit

Mordenit
Mottramit
Mullit
Murdochit
Mica trng
Cc dng khng c xp:
Magnesia
Mariposit (mt dng ca mica
trng phengit)
Menilit (mt dng ca opan)
Meerschaum (mt dng ca
sepiolit)
Milky quartz (thch anh m khi)
Morganit (beryl hng)
Morion (tn gi khc ca thch
anh m khi)
Nabesit
Nacrit
Nagyagit
Nahcolit
Natrolit
Natron

Nenadkevichit
Nephelin
Nephrit
Neptunit
Nhm
Nickel
Nickelin
Niedermayrit
Niningerit
Niobit (tn gi khc ca
columbit)
Niobit-tantalit (tn gi
khc ca columbittantalit)
Nissonit
Nitratin
Nitre
Nontronit
Nosean
Nsutit
Nyerereit
Cc dng khng c

Opan
Oligocla
Olivin (nhm khong vt
silicat)
Olivenit
Omphacit
Ordonezit
Oregonit
Orpiment
Orthochrysotil
Orthoclas
Osarizawait
Osmium
Osumilit
Otavit
Ottrelit
Overit
Cc dng khng c
xp nhm:
Onyx (mt nhnh ca
canxedon)
Opan

Painit
Palladi
Palygorskit
Papagoit
Parachrysotil
Paragonit
Pararealgar
Parisit
Partheit
Pectolit
Pelagosit
Pentlandit
Periclas
Perovskit
Petalit
Petzit
Pezzottait
Pharmacosiderit
Phenakit
Phillipsit
Phlogopit
Phoenicochroit

Phosgenit
Pyromorphit
Phosphophyllit
Pyrop
Pigeonit
Pyrophyllit
Plagiocla fenspat Na-Ca. Pyroxen (nhm khong vt
Platin
silicat)
Polarit
Pyroxferroit
Pollucit
Pyrrhotit
Polybasit
Cc dng khng c xp:
Potassium alum
Palagonit (thy tinh ni la
Polycras
bazan)
Polydymit
Perlit (thy tinh ni la)
Polyhalit
Phosphorit (apatit dng
Powellit
khi ln tp cht)
Prehnit
Plessit (gm kamacit v
Proustit
taenit)
Psilomelan
Pitchblend (unranit dng
Purpurit
khi ln tp cht)
Pumpellyit
Pumicit (tn gi khc ca
Pyrargyrit
pumice)
Pyrit
Quenstedtit
Pyrochlor
Rambergit
Pyrolusit
Rammelsbergit

Rhodium
Rhodochrosit
Rhodonit
Rhomboclas
Rickardit
Riebeckit
Romanchit
Robertsit
Rosasit
Roscoelit
Rosenbergit
Routhierit
Rutheni
Rutherfordin
Rutil
Rynersonit

Cc dng khng c
xp nhm:
Tinh th (thch anh)
Thch anh hoa hng
Roumanit (h phch)
Sabatierit
Sabieit
Sabinait
Safflorit
Sal ammoniac
Saliotit
Samarskit
Samsonit
Sanbornit
Saneroit
Sanidin (mt dng ca
orthocla)
Santit
Saponit (khong vt st)
Sapphirin
Sassolit
St

Scheelit
Schoepit
Schorl (tourmalin en)
Schreibersit
Schwertmannit
Scolecit
Scorodit
Scorzalit
Seamanit
Seeligerit
Segelerit
Sekaninait
Selenid
Selenit
Selen
Seligmannit
Sellait
Senarmontit
Sepiolit
Serpentin
Shattuckit
Siderit

Siderotil
Siegenit
Sillimanit
Simetit
Simonellit
Skutterudit
Smaltit
Smectit
Smithsonit
Soda niter
Sodalit
Sperrylit
Spessartit
Sphalerit
Sphen
Spinel
Spodumen
Spurrit
Stannit
Staurolit
Steacyit
Steatit (talc)

Stephanit
Stibnit
Stichtit
Stilbit
Stilleit
Stolzit
Stromeyerit
Strontianit
Struvit
Studtit
Sugilit
Sussexit
Sylvanit
Sylvit
Cc dng khng c xp:
Sa phia (corundum c mu tr mu )
Sard (mt dng ca canxedon/thch
anh)
Satinspar (mt dng ca thch cao)
Smoky quartz (a brown or black variety
of quartz)
Soapston ()

Tachyhydrit
Taenit
Talc
Tantalit
Tantit
Tanzanit
Tarapacait
Tausonit
Teallit
Tellurit
Telluri
Tellurobismuthit
Temagamit
Tennantit
Tenorit
Tephroit
Terlinguait
Teruggit
Tetradymit
Tetrahedrit
Thch cao
Than ch

Thaumasit
Thenardit
Thic
Thomasclarkit
Thomsenolit
Thorianit
Thorit
Thortveitit
Thuringit
Thy ngn
Tiemannit
Tincalconit
Titan
Titanowodginit
Todorokit
Tokyoit
Topa
Torbernit
Tourmalin (nhm
khong vt silicat)
Tremolit
Trevorit

Tridymit
Triphylit
Triplit
Triploidit
Trona
Tsavorit
Tschermigit
Tugtupit
Tungstit
Tyrolit
Turquois
Tusionit
Tyuyamunit
Cc dng khng c xp:
Tanzanit (mt dng ca Zoisit)
Thch anh
Thulit (mt dng ca Zoisit)
Travertin (mt dng ca
cacbonat canxi)
Tsavorit (mt dng ca granat)
Uchucchacuait
Uklonskovit

Ullmannit
Ulvospinl
Umangit
Umber
Umbite
Upalit
Uraninit
Uranophan
Uranopilit
Uvarovit
Cc dng khng
c xp:
Ultramarin
Unakit, c
thnh phn
gm fenspat,
epidot v thch
anh
Uralit actinolit
Vaesit
Valentinit
Vanadinit

Vaterit
Vauquelinit
Vauxit
Vermiculit
Vesuvianit
Villiaumit
Violarit
Vivianit
Volborthit
Wad
Wagnerit
Wardit
Warwickit
Wavellit
Weddellit
Weilit
Weissit
Weloganit
Whewellit
Whitlockit
Willemit
Wiluit

Witherit
Wnfram
Wollastonit
Wulfenit
Wurtzit
Wstit
Wyartit
Xenotim
Xifengit
Xonotlit
Ye'elimit
Yttrialit
Yttrocerit
Yttrocolumbit
Zabuyelit
Zaccagnait
Zaherit
Zajacit-(Ce)
Zakharovit
Zanazziit
Zaratit
Zeolit (nhm khong vt

Zhanghengit
Zharchikhit
Zektzerit
Zhemchuzhnikovit
Zhonghuacerit-(Ce)
Ziesit
Zimbabweit
Zinalsit
Zinc-melanterit
Zincit (km xt)
Zincobotryogen
Zincochromit
Zinkenit
Zinnwaldit
Zippeit
Zircon
Zirconolit
Zircophyllit
Zirkelit
Zoisit
Zunyit

2. Ngun gc
Theo iu kin sinh thnh khong vt c chia ra thnh 2
nhm ln:
Nhm khong vt ni sinh, c hnh thnh trong cc
iu kin lin quan n cc qu trnh xy ra trong lp v
Tri t v trong phn trn ca quyn manti (cn gi l
lp ph) (tc l thch quyn) nh do chu s tc ng ca
macma hay do bin cht.
Nhm khong vt ngoi sinh, thnh to phn trn ca
v Tri t v trn mt t lin quan n cc qu trnh
ngoi sinh -nh tc dng phong ha v tch ng t dung
dch nc.

3. Cu trc tinh th
Cu trc tinh th l s sp xp trong khng gian
hnh hc c trt t ca cc nguyn t trong cu trc
ni ti ca khong vt.
Hin nay tn ti 14 sp xp mng tinh th c bn
ca cc nguyn t trong khng gian ba chiu v
chng c gi chung l 14 " mng Bravais".
Cu trc tinh th ny da trn s sp xp thng
thng ca nguyn t hay ion bn trong v n
thng c biu din theo dng hnh hc m tinh
th c.

 Cu trc tinh th c nh hng ln ti cc tnh cht vt l

ca khong vt. V d, mc d kim cng v than ch
(graphit) u c cng thnh phn (c hai u l cacbon tinh
khit) nhng graphit th rt mm cn kim cng th li l
rn nht trong s cc khong vt bit. S d c iu ny
l do cc nguyn t cacbon trong than ch c sp xp
thnh cc tm c th d dng trt trn nhau trong khi cc
nguyn t cacbon trong kim cng li to ra mt li ba
chiu ci cht vo nhau.
Thnh phn ha hc v cu trc tinh th hp li vi nhau
xc nh khong vt. Trn thc t, hai hay nhiu khong
vt c th c cng mt thnh phn ha hc, nhng khc
nhau v cu trc kt tinh.

4. Phn bit khong vt v

Mt khong vt l cht rn kt tinh

ngun gc t nhin vi thnh phn ha

hc xc nh, trong khi l t hp ca
mt hay nhiu khong vt.
Mt s loi ch yu bao gm ch mt
loi khong vt: vi l mt dng
trm tch bao gm gn nh ton b l
khong vt canxit.
Phn ln cc loi ca lp v Tri t
c to ra t thch anh, fenspat, mica,
clorit, cao lanh, canxit, epidot, olivin,
ogit, hocblen, manhtit, hematit, limonit

Thch anh

Fenspat

Clorit

Hematit

Mica

Manhetit

Cc loi khong vt v c gi
tr thng mi c gi chung l
cc khong sn.
Cc loi m t cc khong
vt c khai thc cho mc ch
kinh t c coi l cc loi qung
Cc loi v khong vt cn li
sau khi tch ri khong vt
mong mun ring ra t qung,
c gi l thi v qung
ui.

Khong sn

Qung

thi

Qung ui

5. Cc khong vt to
Yu t xc nh ch yu trong s hnh thnh cc khong vt trong
khi l thnh phn ha hc ca khi , i vi mt khong
vt c th no th n ch c th hnh thnh khi cc nguyn t cn
thit phi c mt trong .
Theo thnh phn ha hc, cc khong vt tn ti di cc dng
sau:
o Cc nguyn t
o Cc sulfua
o Cc oxit v hyroxit
o Cc halua
o Cc nitrat, cacbonat, borat
o Cc sulfat, cromat, molybdat v tungstat
o Cc photphat, asenat v vanadat
o Cc silicat

Cc khong vt to ch yu
Nhm xit silic
Cc khong ph bin nht ca nhm ny
l:
Opan (Si02.2H20) l khong v nh
hnh
Chanxeon (Si02) l h hng ca thch
anh
Thch anh trm tch c lng ng
trc tip t dung dch v cng c th do
ti kt tinh t opan v chanxeon.

Opan

Chanxeon

Thch anh trm tch

Cc khong vt to ch yu
Nhm cacbonat
Cc khong vt ca nhm cacbonat rt
ph bin trong cc loi trm tch. Quan
trng nht l cc khong vt:
Canxit (CaC03) l khong khng mu hoc mu
trng, khi c ln tp cht th c mu xm vng,
hng hoc xanh.
lmit [CaMg (CaCCX)] l khong c mu hoc
trng.
Manhetit (MgC03) l khong c mu hoc mu
trng, xm, vng hoc nu.

lmit

Canxit

Manhetit

Cc khong vt to ch yu
Nhm cc khong st.
Cc khong st ng vai tr rt quan trng
trong trm tch, chng l thnh phn
chnh ca t st v l tp cht trong nhiu
loi khc. Cc khong ph bin nht l:
Kaolinit (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) l khong
mu trng, i khi c mu xm hoc mu
xanh.
Mica ngm nc c hnh thnh do s
phn hu mica v mt s silicat.
Montmorilonit l khong st c to
thnh trong mi trng kim.

Kaolinit

Mica

Montmorilonit

Cc khong vt to ch yu
Nhm sunfat.
Ph bin nht trong nhm ny l:
Thch cao (CaS04.2H20) l khong mu trng
hoc khng mu, i khi ln tp cht th c mu
xanh, vng hoc .
Anhirit (CaS04) l loi khong trm tch ho
hc, kt tinh dng tm dy hoc lng tr mu
trng, i khi c mu xanh da tri.

Thch cao

Anhirit

Cc bn hiu
c nhng g v
KHONG VT ???

Ti liu tham kho

1.https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho
%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADt
2.http://www.timtailieu.vn/tai-lieu/de-taikhoang-vat-32605/

Cm n thy v
cc bn ch
lng nghe