INDO_PAK RELATIONSkips

INTODUCTION..
Relations
between

India and
Pakistan have been strained by a
number of historical and political
issues, and are defined by the
violent partition of British India in
1947, the Kashmir dispute and the
numerous military conflicts fought
between
the
two
nations.
Consequently, even though the two
South Asian nations share historic,
cultural, ethnic, geographic, and
economic links, their relationship
has been plagued by hostility and
suspicion.

SOME FACTS ABOUT INDO_PAK

RELATIONS.
Indo-PakistaniWarof1947,
Indo-PakistaniWarof1965,
Indo-PakistaniWarof1971
KargilWar,Siachenconflict
InsurgencyinJammuandKashmir
Bilateral trade $ 4 billion
Both are members of SAARC
Geographical proximity
Radcliff 1610 kms

MAJOR DISPUTES AND DIVERGENCE BETWEEN PAKISTAN

AND INDIA
1Kashmir conflict
Kashmir was a Muslim-majority
princely state, ruled by a Hindu[10]
king, Maharaja Hari Singh. At the
time
of
the partition of India,
Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of
the state, preferred to remain
independent and did not want to
join either the Union of India or
the Dominion of Pakistan.
STANCE
OF
PAKISTAN
ON
OCCUPIED KASHMIR.
It is a disputed territory, illegally
occupied by India, a sheer violation
of Indian independence act and
international law.
STANCE OF INDIA
It is an integral part of India, due
to its geo-strategic importance..

RESOLUTIONS

TO
SOLVE
KASHMIR DISPUTE..
UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTIONS
Granted right of self
determination to occupied Kashmir
in 1048, but ruthlessly violated by
Indian leadership.

CURRENT STATUS OF KASHMIR

DISPUTE..
Dead lock on resolution of
Kashmir dispute.

 SIACHIN GLACIER..
The Siachen glacier is the highest

battleground on earth,where India

and Pakistan have
fought
intermittently since April 13, 1984.
Both
countries
maintain
permanent military presence in the
region at a height of over 6,000
metres (20,000 ft). More than
2000 people have died in this
inhospitable terrain, mostly due to
weather extremes and the natural
hazards of mountain warfare.
The conflict in Siachen stems from
the
incompletely
demarcated
territory on the map beyond the
map coordinate known as NJ9842.
The 1972 Simla Agreement did not
clearly mention who controlled the
glacier, merely stating that from
the NJ9842 location the boundary
would proceed "thence north to the
glaciers." UN officials presumed
there would be no dispute between
India and Pakistan over such a cold
and barren region.

WATER DISPUTE..
After

Kashmir, the most serious

conflict is the water dispute. The water
dispute surfaced when the Indian
Punjab cut off the flow of waters in
April 1948. However, through the
efforts of World Bank President Mr.
Eugene Black the dispute was resolved
and Indus Waters Treaty was signed in
1960. For smooth operation of the
treaty a permanent India-Pakistan
Indus Commission was established.

The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-

sharing treaty between Pakistan and

India, brokered by the World Bank.The
treaty
was
signed
in Karachi on
September
19,
1960
by
Indian Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru and
President of Pakistan Ayub
Khan (President of Pakistan).
three western rivers the Indus, the
Jhelum and Chenab to exclusive use of
Pakistan.
three eastern rivers - the Sutlej, the
Beas and the Ravi to the exclusive use
of INDIA

Treaty provisions

1provides an on-going
mechanism for consultation
and conflict resolution through
inspection, exchange of data,
and visits.
2..The Commission is required
to meet regularly to discuss
potential disputes as well as
cooperative arrangements for
the development of the basin.
Either party must notify the
other of plans to construct any
engineering
works
which
would affect the other party
and to provide data about such
works.
3. In cases of disagreement, a
neutral expert is called in for
mediation and arbitration.

 Trust deficit
VIOLATION

OF

INDUS

WATER

TREATY.
Himachal

Pradesh+

Punjab

Baira siul on Ravi River near Chamba

Bhakra Dam on Sutlej river, near Nangal
Ranjeet Sagar dam on Beas River, near
Dhar Pathankot
Maharana Pratap Sagar
Pong Dam Reservoir on Beas River, near
Talwara.
Pandoh Dam on Beas River, near Mandi.
Chamera Dam-I on Ravi River near
Chamba.
Chamera Dam-II on Ravi River near
Chamba.
Nathpa Dam on Sutlej River near
Rampur.

Jammu
and
Salal Hydroelectric Project
Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Project
Uri-I Hydroelectric Project
Baglihar Dam

Kashmir

The absence of trust is the

biggest problem between India
and Pakistan and anything
that addresses this trust
deficit is helpful in the way
forward. The leaders of the
two countries should initiate a
peace process in which they
address each other's concerns
including those on Jammu and
Kashmir, terrorism, Siachen
and Sir Creek water sharing.
This is all the more important
because
the
existing
suspicions and distrust about
each other have been further
exacerbated by irresponsible
and distorted stories, carried
by sections of the media in
both
the
countries.

 Sir

Creek is a 96 km
(60 mi) strip of water that is
disputed between India and
Pakistan in the Rann of Kutch
marshlands,although it is
part of Pakistan. The creek,
which opens up into the
Arabian Sea,
divides
the
Kutch region of the Indian
state of Gujarat with
the
Sindh province of Pakistan.

The Great Rann of Kutch..

is a seasonal salt marsh

located in the Thar Desert in
the Kutch District of Gujarat,
India and theSindh province
of Pakistan.

 Major

Negotiations and other

confidence building measures to
pacify relations b/w india and
pak..
1Liaquat-Nehru
Pact
The two Prime Ministers met in
Delhi on April 2, 1950, and
discussed the matter in detail. The
meeting lasted for six long days. On
April 8, the two leaders signed an
agreement, which was later entitled
as Liaquat-Nehru Pact. This pact
provided a bill of rights for the
minorities of India and Pakistan.
Its aim was to address the following
three issues:
To alleviate the fears of the
religious minorities on both sides.
To elevate communal peace.
To create an atmosphere in which
the two countries could resolve
their other differences.

2.Tashkent Agreement (Jan. 10, 1966)

The agreement was mediated by
Soviet premier Aleksey Kosygin, who
had invited the parties to Tashkent. The
parties agreed to withdraw all armed
forces to positions held before Aug. 5,
1965; to restore diplomatic relations;
and to discuss economic, refugee, and
other questions. The agreement was
criticized in India because it did not
contain
a
no-war
pact
or
any
renunciation of guerrilla aggression in
Kashmir.
3.. SIMLA AGREE MENT
After the 1971 war, Pakistan and India
made slow progress towards the
normalisation of relations. In July 1972,
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
and
Pakistani
President Zulfikar
Ali Bhutto met in the Indian hill station
of Simla.
They
signed
the Simla
Agreement, by which India would
return all Pakistani personnel (over
90,000) and captured territory in the
west, and the two countries would
"settle their differences by peaceful
means through bilateral negotiations."
Diplomatic and trade relations were
also re-established in 1976.

3. AGRA SSUMMIT..
In 2001, a summit was called in Agra;
Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf
turned up to meet Indian Prime Minister
Atal Behari Vajpayee.
The
talks
fell
through.On 20 June 2004, with a new
government in place in India, both
countries agreed to extend a nuclear testing
ban and to set up a hotline between their
foreign secretaries aimed at preventing
misunderstandings that might lead to a
nuclear war.
4.

SERIES OF
MEASURES

CONFIDENCE

OTHER MAJOR TALKS

In 2006, a "Friends Without Borders"
scheme began with the help of two British
tourists. The idea was that Indian and
Pakistani children would make pen pals and
write friendly letters to each other. The idea
was so successful in both countries that the
organisation found it "impossible to keep up".
The World's Largest Love Letter was recently
sent from India to Pakistan.

Aman ki Asha Urdu: , translation: "Hope

for Peace") is a campaign jointly started by the two
leading media houses The Jang Group in Pakistan
and The Times of India in India. The campaign aims
for mutual peace and development of the diplomatic
and cultural relations between the two nations in
South Asia.

BUILDING

Both India and Pakistan have launched

several
mutual
confidence-building measures (CBMs)
to
ease tensions between the two. These
include more high-level talks, easing visa
restrictions, and restarting of cricket
matches between the two. The new bus
service
between Srinagar and
Muzaffarabad has also helped bring the two
sides closer. Pakistan and India have also
decided to co-operate on economic fronts.

On 10 February 2011, India agreed to resume

talks with Pakistan which were suspended
after 26/11 Mumbai Attacks.[58] India had put
on hold all the diplomatic relations saying it
will only continue if Pakistan will act against
the accused of Mumbai attacks.

On 13 April 2012 following a thaw in relations

whereby India gained MFN status in the
country, India announced the removal of
restrictions on FDI investment from Pakistan
to India.

 SUGGESTIONS TO HARMONIZE INDO

RELATIONS.
Dialogues and negotiations.
Track II Diplomacy
People to people contact
cricket matches
There is a need to embrace an
overarching strategic stability regime and
to shun aggressive security doctrines to
reduce the possibility of a nuclear
conflict.
The problems of terrorism and Non-State
Actors need to be addressed jointly
through institutionalised mechanisms.
Water issues should be resolved through
the mechanisms provided by the Indus
Basin Treaty and should not be allowed to
degenerate into a serious source of
conflict.
Confidence-building measures should be
pursued to alleviate the trust deficit but
should not be used as a substitute for the
resolution of disputes.
Economic co-operation and trade should
be facilitated to develop mutuality of
interest.
India and Pakistan need to understand
each others legitimate interests in
Afghanistan and pursue them without

CRITICAL ANALYSIS
Conclusion

Both Pakistan and India need to avoid

short-sighted policies for points-scoring or
securing short-term gains which resulted
into bede-villing their relations in the past
and diverting their attention from gigantic
tasks of eradicating poverty and raising the
standard of living of their peoples. The
steady improvement between Pakistan and
India requires some further changes in the
way they deal with each other. India, being
the biggest country in the South Asian
region must lead the way by discarding
hegemonic designs in the region. The
extremists in Indian politics and media
should also be admonished for their
arrogant and aggressive statements because
as long as India continues to nurture such
elements, its relations with Pakistan will
remain marked by mutual mistrust, and
non-cooperation. So, it is in the best
interest of the whole region that both
nuclear powers take all possible steps to
solve all the long-standing issues between
them.

PREVIOUS QUESTIONS

Q.2. Evaluate the significance of water conflict between India and Pakistan in

perspective of water management projects in Indian held Kashmir. 2014

Q7: Resolution of Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan can bring peace
and prosperity in the region. Discuss. 2013
Q.1 Evaluate the ignificance of water conflict between India and Pakistan in

global perspective of climate change. 2012

Q.3. The amicable solution of Siachen glacier and Sir Creek maritime boundary

disputes might harbinger the settlement of the core issue of Kashmir between
Pakistan
and
India.
Discuss.
2008