gd:sf/

g]kfndf k|f+ufl/s s[lif

tyf pTkfbg ;DaGwL
dfkb08
/ldGb| ;'jfn

Kf|ffl/s s[lif
;fwf/0f efiffdf eGg' kbf{ s[lif jftfj/0f tyf
dfgj :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ dn, ljp,
ljifflb nufotsf ;fdu|Lx? tyf ljlwx?sf] k|
of]u gul/sg :j:Yf, ;Eo / :jR5 tl/sfn] ;+rfng
ul/g] s[lif pTkfbg k|0ffnL k|ffl/s s[lif
xf] .

k|ffl/s s[lifsf] l;4fGtx?

:jf:Yosf] l;4fGt -Principles of Health_
K|ff+ufl/s s[lifn] df6f], lj?jf, lhjhGt', dfgj / k[YjLsf] ;d]t
:jf:Yosf] r':tb'?:t / ;'wf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
kof{j/0fLo l;4fGt -Principles of Ecology_
K|ff+ufl/s s[lif kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL / o;sf] rqmdf cfwfl/t /lx
o;};+u ldn]/ sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 . h'g o;sf] lbuf]kgfsf] nflu
x'g' kb{5 .

lgikIftfsf] l;4fGt -Principles of fairness_

K|ff+ufl/s s[lif o:tf] ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 h;n] ;femf
jftfj/0f
/
lhljsf]kfh{gsf]
nflu
pknAw
cjz/x?df
lgikIftfsf] ;'lglZrt ub{5

:ofxf/ l;4fGt -Principles of Care_

K|ff+ufl/s s[lifn] jt{dfg / efjL k':tfsf] / jftfj/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L
k"0f{ / ;fjwfgLk"j{s Joj:yfkkg ug'{ kb{5 .

k|ffl/s s[lifsf tLg kIfx?

kof{j/0fLo kIf

cfly{s kIf

;fdflhs kIf

;fdflhs?kn] :jLsfo{
cfly{s?kn] ;jn
kof{j/0f d}qL

Kf|ffl/s s[lif ;DaGwL

:jLs[t sfo{ljlwlgb]{lzsfx?
k|ffl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|z]fwg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6o k|
fljlws dfkb08 ;DaGwL
lgb]{lzsf @)^$ -;+zf]wg
@)^%_
Kf|ffl/s dn cg'bfg lgb]{lzsf, @)^*
Kf|ffl/s tyf h}ljs dn lgodg sfo{ljlw, @)^*
k|ffl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns
cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^(
/fli6o k|ffl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] ;DaGwg
k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf] sfo{ljlw, @)^(
k|ffl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf, @)^(
Kf|ffl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnL ;~rfng ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, @)^(
k|f+ufl/s k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;
+rfngfy{ cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&!

 g]kfndf k|f+ufl/s k|dfl0fs/0f ;DaGwg k|bfg ul/g] k|

df0fLs/0fsf If]q M
s[lifhGo pTkfbg
kz'hGo pTkfbg
df}/LhGo pTkfbg
dT:o tyf hnLo pTkfbg
k|ffl/s dn / ljiffbL pTkfbg
hl8a'6L tyf jghGo pTkfbg
k'ik pTkfbg
pk/f]Qm j:t'x?sf] k|zf]lwt pTkfbg

k|ffl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|z]fwg k|

0ffnLsf] /fli6o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DaGwL
lgb]{lzsf @)^$ -;+zf]wg @)^%_ df ePsf k|
f+ufl/s ;DaGwL d'Vo d'Vo k|fjwfgx?
k|f+ufl/s s[lif M
g]kfnsf] k|ffl/s dfkb08 ;DalGw lgb]{lzsf @)^$:
bLuf] kof{j/0f / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL, ;'/lIft, u'0f:t/Lo
tyf kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf, k|f0fL hfltsf] sNof0f / ;fdflhs
Gofosf nflu s[lif k|0ffnLdf k|of]u x'g] lglZrt k|
lqmofx?sf] Plss[t k|0ffnL
s[lif jftfj/0f tyf dfgj :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ dn,
ljp, ljifflb nufotsf ;fdu|Lx? tyf ljlwx?sf] k|of]u gul/sg
:j:Yf, ;Eo / :jR5 tl/sfn] ;+rfng ul/g] s[lif pTkfbg k|
0ffnL

k|ffl/s s[lifsf] dfu{bz{s l;4fGt

Psn afnL k|0ffnLnfO Plss[t jfnL k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f
/f]u ls/f Joj:yfkgdf k|fs[lts zq'lhj Joj:yfkg, h}ljs t/Lsf
pTkfbg, k|zf]wg :yn, /;fog, ld;fj6 / ljifflb d'Qm x'g'
kg]{
df6f]sf] pj{/f zQmL a9fpg k|f+ufl/s kbfy{, k|f+ufl/s
dn -uf]7]dn, sDkf]i6, xl/of] dn, kLgf, h}ljs dn,
5fkf]_ pkof]u ug]{
Genetic Engineering af6 pTkflbt GMOs tyf LMOs a:t'sf] k|
of]u ug{' x'+b}g .

k|ffl/s s[lifsf] dfkb08

!= Kf|ffl/s v]tL ug]{ hldg

k|ffl/s v]tL x'g] lsQf /f;folgs kbfy{af6 k|
b'lift x'g / ldl;gaf6 hf]ufpg dWojlt{ lsQf /
afnL x'g'kb{5
dWojlt{ If]q slDtdf % dL6/ x'g kg{]5
b'O{ lsQfsf] lardf ;8s ePdf $ ld6/ rf}8f

@= hldgsf] ?kfGt/0f ;DalGw dfkb08

k|ffl/s s[lif k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] klxnf] ldltb]lv g} ?
kfGt/0f cjlw ulgg] 5
Ps aif{;Dd k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ lgsfoaf6 a]nf a]nfdf
lg/LIf0f t/ k|df0fLs/0f lrGx eg] k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g
bf]>f] / t]>f] aif{sf] pTkfbgnfO{ lg/LIf0f u/]/ k|
dfl0fs/0f lgsfon] ?kfGt/0f cj:yfsf] k|ffl/s lrGx k|
bfg ug{ ;Sg]5
ljut # aif{ b]lv k|ffl/s tl/sfn] pTkfbgk|zf]wg
u/]sf] k|df0f (k|of]uzfnfsf] l/kf]{6) pknAw u/fpg
;s]df ?kfGt/0f cjlw klv{/xg' kg]{ 5}g
oBlk ! aif{eGbf sd ?kfGt/0f cjlw ePsf] pTkfbg jf k|
zf]wg OsfO{nfO{ k|ffl/s pTkfbg OsfO{sf] ?kdf
dfGg ;ls++b}g .

#= jfnL pTkfbg tyf ljp k|of]u ;DaGwL

dfkb08
kfP;Dd :yflgo hft
k|f+ufl/s k|df0fLs/0f ePsf jLp ljhg k|of]u jf /f;folgs
ljifflbn] pkrf/ gul/Psf] jLp k|of]u
Genetic Engineering af6 pTkflbt GMOs tyf LMOs a:t'sf]
k|of]u ug{ gkfOg]
df6f]sf] pj{/fzQmL ljsf; x'g], hldgdf gfO6f]hg
r'xfj6 Go'g x'g] u/L jfnL rs| k|0ffnL ug[{' kg]{ .

$= df6f], kfgL / dnvfb Joj:yfkg dfkb08

kfs]sf] uf]a/dnsf] k|of]u, s'v'/fsf] dn /fd|f];+u s'xfP/ k|
of]u ug'{ kg]{ .
df6f]df kf]6fl;od nufot cGo vlgh tTj sdL ePdf k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/L v]taf/Ldf /fVg agfO{Psf] sDkf]i6dn
-k|lt 6g_ df al9df %!) s]=hL= /f;folgs ;|f]taf6 k|fKt o:tf
vlgh tTjo'Qm dnvfb /fVg ;lsG5
cg'j+z kl/jlt{t j:t' (GMOs) tyf o:tf] ;|f]tjf6 k|fKt eP afx]s
df6f] tyf dndf nfebfos ;'Id hLjf0f'x? k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .
cf}Bf]lus tyf zx/L If]qaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ d}nfdf s8f
wft'vlgh tTj x'g] ePsfn] k|efjsf/L ;'Id hLjf0f' k|of]u u/L
/fd|f];+u kfs]sf] dn k|of]uzfnfdf hFrfO{ s8f wft'vlghsf]
dfqf x]/L k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] :jLs[tLdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
dnvfb jf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu dfgj dnd"qsf] k|of]u lgif]w
ul/Psf]5 .

 d'Vo afnLsf] cufl8 jf k5fl8 afnLrqm k|0ffnLdf clgjfo{ ?

kdf sf];]afnL nufpg' kb{5 .
kz' k+IfLsf] /utsf] w'nf], ufO{j:t'sf] dnd"q, /fd|/L s'lxPsf]
s'v'/fsf] dn, xl/of] e\mofp, gLdsf] lkgf, tf]/Lsf] lkgf, cGo
s'g} afnLsf] lkgf, rfgsf] w"nf], x8\8L r"0f{, kmnsf]
af]qmf, sf7sf] w'nf], v/fgL, k|lt 6g sDkf]i6df % s]=hL
;Dd kf]6fl;od ;Nk]m6, wfgsf] e';, k|fs[lts r'g / c08fsf]
af]qmfsf] w'nf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
sDkf]i6sf] emf]n, gl/ansf] /;, l;:gf]sf] emf]n / k|ffl/s
kbfy{af6 agfO{Psf] emf]n dn / k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf]
:jLs[tLdf la?jfsf] jfg:klts k|;f/0fsf] nflu k|of]u x'g] /f;folgs
k|a4{s afx]s /f;folgs j[l4 k|a4{s k|of]u ug{ x'Fb}g
/f]uhGo cj:yfdf / vf]l/of v]tLdf v/fa k|s[ltsf la?jf, sfF8f /
emf/ kf]Ng' k/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} klg afnL cjz]if kf]Ng'
x'Fb}g .

%= /f]u, ls/f tyf f/kft Joj:yfkg dfkb08

oflS6 lgld{t ;fa'g tyf ;k{mx? nufot s'g} lsl;dsf]
/f;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ kfOb}g
k|ffl/s jfnLdf /f]usL/f Joj:yfkgdf
s_ gLd, asfO{gf], l/f], cv'{n, tLt]kftL, c;'/f],
t'n;L, ;"lt{ h:tf jg:kltaf6 agfOg] emf]n tyf
w"nf]hGo jfg:klts sL6gfzs,
v_ vlgh kbfy{, v/fgL, k|ffl/s v';f{gL, Kofh, n;'g / jg:klt
t]n
u_ GMOs/LMOs afx]s z'Id hLjf0f'
3_ aQL, ln;f] -6f+l;g] , k]m/f]d]g / vf]N;] (pit-fall) kf;f]
h:tf ef}lts tl/sf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

 t/sf/L jfnLdf cv{'n (Derris elliptica) (rotenone toxin)h:tf

jg:kltaf6 lgsflnPsf] emf]nhGo jfg:klts sL6gfzs 5ls{Psf]
jfnL l6kfgLsf nflu ;ft lbg;Dd kv{g' kb{5 .
;"lt{ tyf ;"lt{hGo jfg:klts ljiffbL df6f]df /xg] sL/f
lgoGq0fsf] nflu dfq k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . cfn', ;v/v08 / cGo
h/f vfg] afnLx?df eg] of] kbfy{ k|of]u ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .
Rofp pTkfbgdf ck|ffl/s tl/sfn] pTkfbg u/]sf] k/fn k|
of]u ug{ kfO{+b}g .
/f]usL/fsf] k|sf]k eO{ /f;folgs ljiffbL g} k|of]u ug'{kg]
{ l:ylt cfO{k/]df k|df0fLs/0f lgsfonfO{ ;Dks{ u/L cfjZos
k/fdz{ Pj+ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 .
5fkf] /fVg] k|of]hgsf] nflu wfgsf] k/fn / p:t} ;fdu|L h'g;'s}
;|f]taf6 Nofpg kfO{G5

^=jfnL, jLp e08f/0f dfkb08

e08f/0f ubf{ k|ffl/s / ck|ffl/s pkhx?nfO{ ld;fP/
/fVg' x'Fb}g .
k|ffl/s pkh /fd|/L Kofls u/LPsf] / pkef]Qmf;Dd
k'u'Gh]n ;'/lIft /xg] u/L n]an nufO{Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
k|ffl/s pkh e08f/0f ul/g] s06]g/ / :yfg -sf]7f of
uf]bfd_df s'g} lsl;dsf] /;fog k|of]u ug{ kfO{+b}g .
e08f/0fdf s'g} /;fogsf] k|of]uaf6 k|ffl/s pkh k|b"lift
gx'g] u/L ef}lts tyf oflGqs kf;f] /fVg kfOg]5 .
kmnk"mn, afnLgfnL tyf ;fu;AhL ksfpg jf /+u ljsl;t
ug{ s'g} lsl;dsf] /;fog k|of]u ug{ x'Fb}g .

&= kz'kfng ;DalGw dfkb08

e'|0f k|Tof/f]k0f / Snf]lg ug{ kfOb}g
cfg'j+z kl/jlt{t kz'x?sf] pTkfbg, kz' k|hggsf nflu
xdf]{gx?sf] k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g
s[lqd uef{wfg ug'{
;Nnfxdf ug'{ kg]{5

k/]df

k|df0fLs/0f

lgsfosf]

/f;folgs >f]tsf s'g} Pl06jfof]l6s k|of]u ug{ k|

df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] k/fdz{ . o:tf /;fogsf] cjz]if
(residue) :jLs[t dfqf eGbf clws x'g'x'+b}g
kz'x?nfO{ k|s[lts :jfefj cg';f/sf] / :jfefljs tl/sfn] a9\g /
x's{g ;Sg] jftfj/0fdf /flvg' kb{5

*= dT:okfng Joj;fo ;DalGw dfkb08

k|of]u x'g] kfgLdf ux|f} wft'hGo tyf cGo /;fog
ld;fj6sf] ;Defjgf ePdf kfgLsf] pkrf/ jf 5'} ;|f]t / ;ng
kf]v/Lsf] Joj:yf
k|ffl/s df5f kfng ug]{ hnfzo / cGo hnfzo aLr slDtdf %
ld6/sf] b"/L
a9L 3gTjdf df5f /flvPsf] x'g' x'b}g -df5fsf] rnv]n / a[l4
ljsf;df c;/
hnfzosf] j/k/ 5fFofsf] Joj:yf
cfg'jf+lzs k|f}Bf]lusL (Genetic Engineering) af6 cg'j+z
kl/jlt{t df5fsf] hftx? k|of]u ug{ kfOb}g .
df5f pTkfbgdf r"g, lgnf]t"yf] / uf]a/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .
cGo Joj;fo;Fu PsLs[t ?kdf ul/g' kb{5 .

(= df}/Lkfng Joj;fo ;DalGw dfkb08

k|ffl/s df}/Lkfngsf nflu
:yfgLo hftsf] df}/L (Apis cerena) @ ls=ld=
o'/f]lkog df}/L (Apis mellifera) $ ls=ld= If]q jl/kl/
ck|ffl/s v]tLkftL jf cGo lqmofsnfk ePsf] x'g'
x'+b}g
df}/Lsf] 3f/df k|of]u x'g] sf7 tyf cGo ;;fgf ;fdfu|Lx?
/ dx sf6\bf k|of]u ul/g] cf}hf/ tyf ;fdfu|Lx? to ul/Psf]
k|ffl/s dfkb08 cg';f/ x'g' kb{5
df}/Lsf] dx sf9\bf k'/} rfsf lgrf]/]/ dx sf9\g x'b}g
PlG6afof]l6s tyf df}/LnfO{ xflgsf/s x'g ;Sg]
ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ x'b}g

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!@= k|ffl/s k|df0fLs/0f

k|df0fLs/0f M clu|d ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] Pj+ ljZjfl;nf] k|s[of
ckgfO s'g} s[lif pkhsf] lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu k'/f
ug'{kg]{ zt{x? k'/f ul/Psf] 5 egL t];|f] kIfn] lbg]
lnlvt ;'lglZrttf .
k|f+ufl/s k|df0fLs/0f ;+/rgf M
!= k|f+ufl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnL /fli6o ;dGjo
;ldtL -s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrjHo"sf] cWoIftfdf_ M xfn
sfo{fGojgdf /x]sf]
@= /fli6o k|+fufl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo - NOAAB_ M
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf] cWoIftfdf M
xfn sfo{fGjogdf /x]sf]
#= /fli6o k|+fufl/s k|fljlws ;ldtL M NOAAB nfO ;DaGwLt
ljifodf ;Nnfx / ;xof]u k'/\ofpg
$= Nepal Accreditation Board Act M dGqLkl/ifbdf k]z eO :jLs[tLsf] s|
ddf /x]sf]
%= k|+fufl/s k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfo M ;DaGwg lng] k|s[ofdf /x]sf

k|ffl/s k|df0fLs/0f k|s[of

pkh k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu s[ifs, s[ifs ;d'x tyf k|zf]wgstf{n]
sfo{qmd k|:tfjgf ;lxt k|df0fLs/0f lgsfodf lgj]bg lbg]
sfo{qmd k|:tfjgfsf] d"Nofg kZrft k|:tfjgf k|fKt ePsf] ^)
lbg leq k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|:tfj kl/dfh{gsf nflu
cfj]bsnfO{ k|ltlqmof k7fpg] jf k|df0fLs/0f kmf/d
eg{ cfJxfg ug]{
cfj]bsaf6 k|df0fLs/0f kmf/d e/fO{ cfj]bs / k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfo aLr cg'aGw (contract) :jLsf/ ug]{]{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|ffl/s lg/LIfs tf]Sg] (Assignment of
organic inspector)
k|ffl/s lg/LIfsaf6 cfof]hgf :ynsf] k"j{ lg/LIf0f (Pre
inspection) / k|df0fLs/0fdf cfjZos k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f k|
ltj]bg ;+nUg /fvL k|df0fLs/0f lgsfodf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{

k|ffl/s k|df0fLs/0f k|s[of========

k|ffl/s lg/LIfsaf6 cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog -jfnL, kmfd{,
kl/jxg / k|zf]wgzfnf_sf] lg/LIf0f
k|ffl/s lg/LIfsn] k|df0fLs/0f lgsfodf -k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu
cfjZos k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;+nUg /fvL_ lg/LIf0f k|
ltj]bg k]z ug]{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tyf cfjZos k|
of]uzfnf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoog u/L k|ffl/s dfkb08 k'/f
ePsf] cj:yfdf :jLs[t ug]{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] dfkb08 cg';f/ :jLs[t pkhnfO{ k|
df0fLs/0f ug]{ lg0f{o

wGojfb