LEADERSHIP

LEADERSHIP

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What
What Is
Is Leadership?
Leadership?
Leadership
The ability to influence a group
toward the achievement of goals

Management
Use of authority inherent in
designated formal rank to obtain
compliance from organizational
members

Both are necessary for

organizational success

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Trait
Trait Theories
Theories of
of Leadership
Leadership
Theories that consider personality, social, physical, or
intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from nonleaders
Not very useful until matched with the Big Five
Personality Framework
Essential Leadership Traits

Extroversion
Conscientiousness
Openness
Emotional Intelligence (Qualified)

Traits can predict leadership, but they are better at

predicting leader emergence than effectiveness.
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Behavioral
Behavioral Theories
Theories of
of Leadership
Leadership
Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate
leaders from nonleaders
Differences between theories of leadership:
Trait theory: leadership is inherent, so we must identify the
leader based on his or her traits
Behavioral theory: leadership is a skill set and can be taught
to anyone, so we must identify the proper behaviors to teach
potential leaders

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Important
Important Behavioral
Behavioral Studies
Studies

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The
The
Manageri
Manageri
al
al Grid
Grid

2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

116

Contingency
Contingency Theories
Theories
While trait and behavior theories do help us
understand leadership, an important component is
missing: the environment in which the leader exists
Contingency Theory adds this additional aspect to our
understanding leadership effectiveness studies
Three key contingency models for leadership:
Fiedlers Model
Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership Theory
Path-Goal Theory

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Fiedler
Fiedler Model
Model
Effective group performance depends on the proper
match between leadership style and the degree to which
the situation gives the leader control.
Assumes that leadership style (based on orientation revealed
in LPC questionnaire) is fixed

Considers Three Situational Factors:

Leader-member relations: degree of confidence and trust in
the leader
Task structure: degree of structure in the jobs
Position power: leaders ability to hire, fire, and reward

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Situational
Situational Leadership
Leadership Theory
Theory
A model that focuses on follower readiness
Followers can accept or reject the leader
Effectiveness depends on the followers response to the
leaders actions
Readiness is the extent to which people have the ability
and willingness to accomplish a specific task
Ability to follow

Willingness to
Follow

Leadership Behavior

Unable

Unwilling

Give clear and specific directions

Unable

Willing

Display high task orientation

Able

Unwilling

Use a supportive and participatory

style

Able

Willing

Doesnt need to do much

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Houses
Houses Path-Goal
Path-Goal Theory
Theory
Builds from the Ohio State studies and the expectancy
theory of motivation
The theory:
Leaders provide followers with information, support, and
resources to help them achieve their goals
Leaders help clarify the path to the workers goals
Leaders can display multiple leadership types

Four types of leaders:

Directive: focuses on the work to be done

Supportive: focuses on the well-being of the worker
Participative: consults with employees in decision making
Achievement-Oriented: sets challenging goals

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Leader-Member
Leader-Member Exchange
Exchange (LMX)
(LMX)
Theory
Theory
In-Group
Out-Group
Members are
similar to leader
In the leaders
inner circle of
communication
Receives more
time and attention
from leader
Gives greater
responsibility and
rewards

Managed by formal
rules and policies
Receive less of the
leaders attention /
fewer exchanges
More likely to
retaliate against the
organization

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Trust
Trust and
and Leadership
Leadership
Trust a positive expectation that another will not act
opportunistically.
Key attribute associated with leadership
Followers who trust their leader will align their actions and
attitudes with the leaders behaviors/requests

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How
How is
is Trust
Trust Developed?
Developed?

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Mentoring
Mentoring Leading
Leading for
for the
the
Future
Mentor: A senior employee who supports a less
Future
experienced employee.

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Finding
Finding and
and Creating
Creating Effective
Effective
Leaders
Leaders

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