UNIT 2 : Fault modeling

Module 2.3 Fault redundancy and Fault

collapsing

TOPIC : Fault collapsing due to fault

equivalence and fault dominance

Fault collapsing
The

number of faults that need to

be simulated can be decreased
by exploiting two relations
between a pair of faults fi and fj :
a) Fault equivalence
b) Fault dominance

Collapsed Ratio
Many

of the faults are removed

due to fault equivalence and fault
dominance.
Collapsed ratio is the ratio of
remaining faults and total
number of faults.
Collapsed ratio :
(Total Faults Fault removed) /
Total fault.

Fault equivalence
Definition

:
Two faults of a Boolean circuit are
called equivalent iff they transform
the circuit such that the two faulty
circuits have identical output
functions. Equivalent faults are
also called indistinguishable and
have exactly the same set of tests.
Example: An input line s-a-0 and output
line s-a-0 in an AND gate.

Fault equivalence
Two

faults fi and fj in a circuit are said to be

equivalent if the corresponding faulty versions
of the circuit are identical. In other words all
tests that detect fi also detect fj.

Number

of fault sites in a gate-level circuit =

PI(primary inputs) + #gates + # (fanout
branches)

An

n-input Boolean gate requires only (n+1)

instead of (2n+2) single stuck-at faults to be
modeled because of equivalent fault collapsing.

Fault equivalence :
example

Stuck-at-0 at output of AND gate is

equivalent to stuck-at-0 at the input
pins.
So, while testing we can remove
the 2 stuck-at-0 fault at the input
pins, since these two fault will be

Equivalent fault collapsing for

Boolean gates

Fault equivalence : circuit

Fault deleted due to equivalent fault

collapsing
Collapsed ratio : 16/30 = 0.533

Fault dominance
Definition

: If all tests of fault

F1 detect another fault F2,
then F2 is said to dominate
F1. The two faults are also
called conditionally
equivalent with respect to
the test set of F1. When two
faults F1 and F2 dominate
each other, then they are
equivalent.

Fault dominance
Let

T, be the set of all tests that detect

a fault g. We say that a fault f
dominates the fault g iff f and g are
functionally equivalent under T.
In other words, iff dominates g, then
any test t that detects g.

Fault dominance :
Example

A 3-input AND gate.

fi -> s-a-1 fault in one input of the
gate
fj -> s-a-1 in the gate output
Tests for fi -> 011
Tests for fj -> 000, 001, 010, 011, 100,
101, 110
Thus,

fj dominates fi .

Fault dominance : circuit

example

Collapsed ratio : 12/30 = 0.40