Chapter 10

COLUMNS
Combined Axial and Bending in Columns;
concentrically compressed members occur rarely
carry loads in compression, but simultaneous bending is
always present
bending moments are caused by;
continuity because columns are parts of monolithic
frames
transverse loads such as wind forces
loads carried eccentrically on column brackets
inevitable imperfections in construction introducing
eccentricities
Types of Failures;

a) Large axial load causes a crushing failure of the concrete with

all bars reaching their yield points in compression

b) Large axial load and small moment but entire cross-section in

compression. Failure occurs by crushing of the concrete, all bars
in compression

c) Large axial load, moment larger than (b). Bars on far side in
tension but have not yielded. Failure occurs by crushing of the
concrete.

d) Balance loading condition bars on tensile side yield at same

time concrete on compression side crushes at 0.85fc.

e) Large moment, relatively small axial load failure initiated by

yielding of tensile bars

f) Large bending moment failure occurs as in a beam

Strain Compatibility Analysis;

h
d
y
a
d
C s C c Pn T
c

b
cu
plastic s
centroid
column
strain diagram
section
internal and
external forces

Pn = 0.85fcab + Asfs Asfs

Mn = 0.85fcab + Asfs + Asfs

Distributed Reinforcement;

when large bending moments are present, it is most

economical to concentrate all or most of the steel
along the outer faces parallel to the axis of bending

on the other hand, with small eccentricities so that

the axial compression is prevalent and when a small
cross section is desired, it is often advantageous to
place the steel more uniformly around the perimeter
EX. Calculate the nominal balanced load and the corresponding
eccentricity for a balanced failure condition if the column is
subjected to a combined bending and axial load.
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 420 MPa
0.00
50 3 Cs
mm c a Cc
3-30 400
3-30 mm T
50
s
mm
300 mm

As = As = = 2120.58 mm2

cb = = = 264.71 mm

ab = cb 1 = (264.706)(0.85) = 225.0 mm
EX. Calculate the nominal balanced load and the corresponding
eccentricity for a balanced failure condition if the column is
subjected to a combined bending and axial load.
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 420 MPa
0.00
50 3 Cs
mm c a Cc
3-30 400
3-30 mm T
50
s
mm
300 mm

fs = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 420.0 MPa

since, fs = fy, fs = 420 MPa

fs = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 486.67 MPa

since, fs = fy, fs = 420 MPa

EX. Calculate the nominal balanced load and the corresponding
eccentricity for a balanced failure condition if the column is
subjected to a combined bending and axial load.
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 420 MPa
0.00
50 3 Cs
mm c a Cc
3-30 400
3-30 mm T
50
s
mm
300 mm

Pnb = Cc + C s T = 0.85fcbab + Asfs Asfs

= +
= 1606.50 kN
Mnb = 0.85fcbab + Asfs + Asfs

= + +
= 577.15 kNm
EX. Calculate the nominal balanced load and the corresponding
eccentricity for a balanced failure condition if the column is
subjected to a combined bending and axial load.
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 420 MPa
0.00
50 3 Cs
mm c a Cc
3-30 400
3-30 mm T
50
s
mm
300 mm

eb = = = 359.26 mm
EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity of 4-25
500

4-25
200 mm. mm

Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 400 MPa 400
50 mm

1 = 0.85 mm

As = As = = 1963.50 mm2

cb = = = 330.0 mm

ab = cb 1 = (330)(0.85) = 280.50 mm

fs = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 400.0 MPa

since, fs = fy, fs = 400.0 MPa

fs = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 509.09 MPa

since, fs > fy, fs = 400.0 MPa
EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity of 4-25
500

4-25
200 mm. mm

Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 400 MPa 400
50 mm

1 = 0.85 mm

Pnb = Cc + C s T = 0.85fcbab + Asfs Asfs

= +

= 2384.25 kN

Mnb = 0.85fcbab + Asfs + Asfs

= +

= 773.58 kNm

eb = = = 324.46 mm

since, eact < eb, initial crushing of concrete

EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity of 4-25
500

4-25
200 mm. mm

Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 400 MPa 400
50 mm

1 = 0.85 mm

try, c = 410.10 mm,

a = (410.10)(0.85) = 348.59 mm

fs = (0.003)(200000) = 204.68 MPa

since, fs < fy, fs = 204.68 MPa

fs = (0.003)(200000) = 526.85 MPa

since, fs > fy, fs = 400.0 MPa

EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity of 4-25
500

4-25
200 mm. mm

Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 400 MPa 400
50 mm

1 = 0.85 mm

Pn = +

= 3346.48 kN

Mn = +

+ = 669.29 kNm

e = = = 200.0 mm

since, eact e, Pn = 3346.48 kN

Mn = 669.29 kNm
EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity 5-20
300

of 250 mm. 5-20 mm

Given: fc = 35 MPa fy = 350 MPa 300
50 mm
mm

As = As = = 1570.80 mm2

cb = = = 221.05 mm

1 = 0.85 0.05

= 0.85 0.05 = 0.80

ab = cb 1 = (221.05)(0.80) = 176.84 mm
EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity 5-20
300

of 250 mm. 5-20 mm

Given: fc = 35 MPa fy = 350 MPa 300
50 mm
mm

fs = cuEcu

= (0.003)(200000) = 350.0 MPa

since, fs = fy, fs = 350.0 MPa

fs = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 464.29 MPa

since, fs > fy, fs = 350.0 MPa

EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity 5-20
300

of 250 mm. 5-20 mm

Given: fc = 35 MPa fy = 350 MPa 300
50 mm
mm

Pnb = 0.85fcbab + Asfs Asfs

= +

= 1578.32 kN

Mnb = 0.85fcbab + Asfs + Asfs

= +

+ = 341.04 kNm

eb = = = 216.08 mm

since, eact > eb, initial yielding of steel

EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity 5-20
300

of 250 mm. 5-20 mm

Given: fc = 35 MPa fy = 350 MPa 300
50 mm
mm

try, c = 185.80 mm,

a = (185.80)(0.80) = 148.64 mm

fs = (0.003)(200000) = 530.25 MPa

since, fs > fy, fs = 350.0 MPa

fs = (0.003)(200000) = 438.54 MPa

since, fs > fy, fs = 350.0 MPa

EX. Calculate the nominal axial load strength of
50 mm
section if column is subjected to a load eccentricity 5-20
300

of 250 mm. 5-20 mm

Given: fc = 35 MPa fy = 350 MPa 300
50 mm
mm

Pn = +

= 1326.61 kN

Mn = +

+ = 331.66 kNm

e = = 250.0 mm

since, eact e, Pn = 1326.61 kN

Mn = 331.66 kNm
EX. The column shown is reinforced with 10 28mm bars
distributed as shown. Find the load and moment corresponding to
failure point with neutral axis located at 550 mm from right face.
Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 420 MPa

mm
mm
200
mm

mm
200
mm
200
50

50
c = 550 mm Ts
a
e

0.00
3
s4

mm
300
Cs3 Cs2 Cs1
s3 s2 s1
Cc

As1 = As4 = = 1847.26 mm2

As2 = As3 = = 1231.50 mm2

EX. The column shown is reinforced with 10 28mm bars
distributed as shown. Find the load and moment corresponding to
failure point with neutral axis located at 550 mm from right face.
Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 420 MPa

mm
mm
200
mm

mm
200
mm
200
50

50
c = 550 mm Ts
a
e

0.00
3
s4

mm
300
Cs3 Cs2 Cs1
s3 s2 s1
Cc

fs = cuEs

fs1 = (0.003)(200000) = 546.45 MPa

since, fs1 > fy, fs1 = 420.0 MPa

fs2 = (0.003)(200000) = 327.27 MPa

since, fs2 < fy, fs2 = 327.273 MPa

EX. The column shown is reinforced with 10 28mm bars
distributed as shown. Find the load and moment corresponding to
failure point with neutral axis located at 550 mm from right face.
Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 420 MPa

mm
mm
200
mm

mm
200
mm
200
50

50
c = 550 mm Ts
a
e

0.00
3
s4

mm
300
Cs3 Cs2 Cs1
s3 s2 s1
Cc

fs3 = (0.003)(200000) = 109.09 MPa

since, fs3 < fy, fs3 = 109.09 MPa

fs4 = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 109.09 MPa

since, fs4 < fy, fs4 = 109.09 MPa

EX. The column shown is reinforced with 10 28mm bars
distributed as shown. Find the load and moment corresponding to
failure point with neutral axis located at 550 mm from right face.
Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 420 MPa

mm
mm
200
mm

mm
200
mm
200
50

50
c = 550 mm Ts
a
e

0.00
3
s4

mm
300
Cs3 Cs2 Cs1
s3 s2 s1
Cc

a = c1 = (550)(0.85) = 467.50 mm

Cc = 0.85fcba = = 2384.25 kN

Cs = Asfs

Cs1 = = 775.85 kN

Cs2 = = 403.04 kN
EX. The column shown is reinforced with 10 28mm bars
distributed as shown. Find the load and moment corresponding to
failure point with neutral axis located at 550 mm from right face.
Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 420 MPa

mm
mm
200
mm

mm
200
mm
200
50

50
c = 550 mm Ts
a
e

0.00
3
s4

mm
300
Cs3 Cs2 Cs1
s3 s2 s1
Cc

Cs3 = = 134.35 kN

Cs4 = As f s

= = 201.52 kN

Pn = Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 + Cs3 Cs4

= 2384.25 + 775.85 + 403.04 + 134.35 201.529

= 3495.96 kN
EX. The column shown is reinforced with 10 28mm bars
distributed as shown. Find the load and moment corresponding to
failure point with neutral axis located at 550 mm from right face.
Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 420 MPa

mm
mm
200
mm

mm
200
mm
200
50

50
c = 550 mm Ts
a
e

0.00
3
s4

mm
300
Cs3 Cs2 Cs1
s3 s2 s1
Cc

Mc = Cc = = 277.17 kNm

Ms = Cs

Ms1 = = 232.75 kNm

Ms2 = = 40.30 kNm

EX. The column shown is reinforced with 10 28mm bars
distributed as shown. Find the load and moment corresponding to
failure point with neutral axis located at 550 mm from right face.
Given: fc = 25 MPa fy = 420 MPa

mm
mm
200
mm

mm
200
mm
200
50

50
c = 550 mm Ts
a
e

0.00
3
s4

mm
300
Cs3 Cs2 Cs1
s3 s2 s1
Cc

Ms3 = = 13.44 kNm

Ms4 = C4 = = 60.46 kNm

Mn = Mc + Ms1 + Ms2 + Ms3 + Ms4

= 277.17 + 232.75 + 40.30 13.44 + 60.46 = 597.25

kNm

e = = = 170.84 mm
Biaxial Bending;

many columns are subjected to biaxial bending, that is,

bending about both axes
corner columns in buildings where the beams and girders
frame into the columns from both directions are the most
common cases
columns cast monolithically as part of frames in both
directions
columns supporting heavy spandrel beams
bridge piers are always subject to biaxial bending
Biaxial Bending;
if bending is on both axes, analysis can be as follows;

Mu =

e =

= +

Po = 0.85fcAg + fyAs

where: Pn nominal axial load capacity of section when load is placed

at a given eccentricity along both axes
Pnx nominal axial load capacity of section when load is placed
at an eccentricity, ex
Pny nominal axial load capacity of section when load is placed
at an eccentricity, ey
Po nominal axial load capacity of section when load is placed
at zero eccentricity
EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

Asx = = 981.75 mm2

Asy = = 1472.62 mm2

bending @ xaxis,

cbx = = = 420.0 mm

abx = cbx1 = (420.0)(0.85) = 357.0 mm

EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ xaxis,

fsx = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 400.0 MPa

since, fsx = fy, fsx = 400.0 MPa

fsx = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 457.14 MPa

since, fsx > fy, fsx = 400 MPa

EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ xaxis,

Pnbx = Ccx + Csx Tx

= 0.85fcbxabx + Asxfsx Asxfsx

= +

= 5097.96 kN

Mnbx = 0.85fcbxabx + Asxfsx + Asxfsx

= +

+ = 1364.82 kNm
EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ xaxis,
ebx = = = 267.718 mm

since, ex(act) < ebx, initial yielding of steel

try,cx = 443.40 mm,

ax = (443.40)(0.85) = 376.89 mm

fsx = (0.003)(200000) = 347.23 MPa

since, fsx < fy, fsx = 347.23 MPa

fsx = (0.003)(200000) = 464.68 MPa

since, fsx > fy, fsx = 400 MPa

EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ xaxis,
Pnx = 0.85fcbax + Asxfsx Asxfsx

= +
= 5433.80 kN
Mnx = 0.85fcba + Asfs + Asfs

= +
+ = 1358.66 kNm
ex = = = 250.04
EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ yaxis,
cby = = = 300.0 mm

aby = cbx1 = (300.0)(0.85) = 255.0 mm

EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ yaxis,
fsy = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 400.0 MPa

since, fsy = fy, fsy = 400.0 MPa

fsy = cuEs

= (0.003)(200000) = 400.0 MPa

since, fsy > fy, fsy = 400.0 MPa

EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ yaxis,
Pnby = Ccx + Csx Tx

= 0.85fcbyaby + Asyfsy Asyfsy

= +

= 4855.20 kN

Mnby = 0.85fcbyaby + Asyfsy + Asyfsy

= +

+ = 1073.14 kNm
EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ yaxis,
eby = = = 267.718 mm

since, ex(act) < ebx, initial crushing of concrete

try,cy = 254.0 mm,

ay = (254.0)(0.85) = 215.90 mm

fsy = (0.003)(200000) = 581.10 MPa

since, fsy > fy, fsy = 400.0 MPa

fsy = (0.003)(200000) = 363.80 MPa

since, fsy < fy, fsy = 363.80 MPa

EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

bending @ yaxis,
Pny = 0.85fcbay+ Asyfsy Asyfsy

= +
= 4057.43 kN
Mny = 0.85fcba + Asfs + Asfs

= +
+ = 1014.43 kNm
ey = = = 250.03 mm
EX. Determine the permissible load capacity of the short
tied column shown, which is subjected to biaxial

800 mm
25
bending. The load is positioned at an eccentricity of 250

6
mm on both axes with concrete cover assumed to be
100 mm on all sides. 600
Given: fc = 28 MPa fy = 400 MPa mm

Pno = 0.85fcAg + Astfy

= + = 12602.10 kN

= +

= + ; Pn = 2847.75 kN

Mu =

= = 1695.59 kNm
THANK
YOU!