Motivation: In Learning and

Teaching

Professor Dr. Bill Bauer

Chapter 10
EDUC 202

Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

 Overview
What Is Motivation?
Four General Approaches to Motivation
Goal Orientation and Motivation
Interests and Motivation
Self-Schemas

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 Concept Map for
Chapter 10
What Is
Self-Schemas
Motivation

Teachers, Teaching, &

Educational Psychology

Four
Interests and Approaches to
Motivation Goal
Motivation
Orientation and
Motivation
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 Motivation

Motivation defined:
Internal state
Arouses, directs, maintains behavior
Intrinsic / Extrinsic
Locus of causality

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 Four General Approaches to
Motivation

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 Behavioral Approach
Rewards are consequences of behaviors
Incentives encourage or discourage
behaviors

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 Humanistic Approaches
Third force psychology
Emphasis on personal choice
Needs
Self-actualization / Self-determination
Maslows hierarchy
See Figure 10.1, Woolfolk, p. 371 and
PointCounterpoint p. 372
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 Maslows Hierarchy
Deficiency needs Being needs
Survival Endlessly renewed
Pre-requisite Whole person
Survival Intellect /
Safety achievement
Belonging Aesthetics
Self-esteem Self-actualization

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 Maslows Hierarchy
Self-
Actualization Being (growth)
Motivation increases
Need Needs
as needs are met
Aesthetic Needs

Need to know & Understand

Esteem Needs Deficiency
Motivation
Belongingness & Love Needs Needs
decreases
as needs Safety Needs
are met
Physiological Needs

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and Bacon
 Cognitive Perspective
Focus on thinking
Emphasizes intrinsic motivation
People are active and curious
Plans, goals, schemas, and expectations

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 Cognitive Perspective
Attribution theory
Perceived cause of successes or failures
Locus
Stability
Responsibility
Attributions in the classroom
Teacher actions influence student
attributions
Expectancy X Value Theory
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 Attribution Theory

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 Weiners Terms
Locus Internal /
Stability external
Stable / unstable
Responsibility
Controllable /
uncontrollable

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Examples of Attribution Theory
Internal locus, stable, controllable:
I am good at studying for multiple choice
tests, so I will do well on the next
Educational Psychology Exam.
Internal, stable, uncontrollable:
Essay tests are always hard for me, so I
wont do well in American Literature.

Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

 Sociocultural Conceptions of
Motivation
Emphasizes participation in communities
of practice
Legitimate peripheral participation
Relate to authentic tasks
See table 10.2, Woolfolk, p. 376 for a
comparison of all four approaches

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 Goal Orientation and
Motivation

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 Why Goals Improve
Performance
Direct attention to the task at hand
Mobilize effort
Increase persistence
Promote development of new strategies

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 Four Kinds of Goals
Learning goals / task-involved
Performance goals / ego-involved
Work-avoidance goals
Social goals
The need for relatedness
They wont care how much you know
until they know how much you care.
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 Feedback & Goal Acceptance:
Effective Goals Are
Specific
Challenging
Attainable
Focused on the task
Supported by social relationships
Reinforced with feedback
Accepted by the student
See Family and Community
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon Partnerships, Woolfolk, p. 380
 Reflection Questions
What goal have you set for yourself
recently?
Did you follow good goal setting
principles?
How can you improve your personal goal
setting practices?
How does goal setting affect your
motivation?
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 Interest and Emotions

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 Interest and Emotions
Student interests linked with success in
school
Fantasy to stimulate challenge & interest
Ensure that interesting details are
legitimately tied to learning
See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 382

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Arousal: Excitement & Anxiety
in Learning
Arousal: excitement, alertness, attention
Curiosity: novelty & complexity
Anxiety: uneasiness, tension, stress
Anxiety and effects on achievement
Coping with anxiety
Problem solving
Emotional management
Avoidance
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 Implications for Teachers
Keep level of arousal right for learners
Sleepy students?
Introduce variety
Arouse curiosity
Surprise them
Wiggle break
See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 386
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 Self-Schemas

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 Beliefs about Ability
Entity view
Incremental view
Developmental differences
Effects on types of goals

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 Beliefs about Self-Efficacy
Self-efficacy, self-concept, & self-esteem
Sources of self-efficacy
Mastery experiences
Vicarious experiences
Social persuasion
Efficacy and motivation
Teacher efficacy
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 Beliefs about Self
Self-determination or other-determination
Classroom environment & self-determination
Cognitive evaluation theory
Learned helplessness
Self-worth
Mastery-oriented
Failure-avoiding
Failure-accepting

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 Reflection Questions
How will you deal with a student who is
exhibiting learned helplessness?
One of your students is avoiding failure
by not doing assignments. How will you
approach this challenge?

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 Lessons for Teachers
Emphasize students progress
Make specific suggestions for improvement
Stress connection between effort &
accomplishment
Set learning goals for your students
Model mastery orientation

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 Summary
What Is Motivation?
Four General Approaches to Motivation
Goal Orientation and Motivation
Interests and Motivation
Self-Schemas

Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

 Review Questions
Define motivation.
What is the difference between intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation?
How does locus of causality apply to
motivation?
What are the key factors in motivation
according to a behavioral viewpoint?
Humanistic? Cognitive? Sociocultural?

Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon

 Review Questions
Distinguish between deficiency needs
and being needs in Maslows theory.
What are the three dimensions of
attribution in Weiners theory?
What are expectancy X value theories?
What is legitimate peripheral
participation?
What kinds of goals are most motivating?
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
 Review Questions
Describe learning, performance, work-
avoidance, and social goals.
What makes goal setting effective in the
classroom?
Do interests and emotions affect learning?
How?
What is the role of arousal in learning?
How does anxiety interfere with learning?
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
 Review Questions
How do beliefs about ability affect
motivation?
What is self-efficacy and how is it
different from other self-schemas?
What are the sources of self-efficacy and
how does efficacy affect motivation?
How does self-determination affect
motivation?
How does self-worth affect motivation?
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
End Chapter 10

Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon