Chpt16a Communicating Over Phone Lines

Chapter 16
Communicating Over Phone Lines
A+ Certification for PC Technician

Modem
What does modem stands for? How 2 Modems Communicate?
Modulator Demodulator CPU sent digital information, in the
form of ones and zeros, to the modem.
What is Modulation? The modem then analyzes this
information and converts it to analog
Sending modem converting digital signals, that can be sent over a phone
computer signals to analog signals that line. Another modem then receives
can be sent over a phone line. these signals, converts them back into
digital data, and sends the data to the
What is Demodulation? receiving CPU.
Receiving modem converting analog
signals back into digital data.
Telephone Line Computer
Digital Signal
Analog Signal
Convert digital Signal
to Analog Signal and vice
versa
Ver 1.0 10 Updated May 2001 Chapter 16 – Communicating Over Phone Line Slide 2
UART
What is UART stand for? How to check UART Speed?
Universal Asynchronous Receiver 1. Start/Settings/Control Panel
Transmitter 2. Select 'Modems' in Control Panel
3. Select the Diagnostics tab
What does UART do? 4. Select the COM port that your
Handles asynchronous serial Modem is attached to
communication. Every computer contains 5. Press the 'More Info...' button
a UART to manage the serial ports.
Which UART is currently implemented

in most PC?
16550 UART
What is the Maximum speed supported?

115kbps. If the speed is set too high
for the UART, communication will be
unreliable and performance may be
worse than at a lower speed.
Asynchronous and Synchronous Data Transfer
What is Asynchronous and Synchronous How does Asynchronous data
data transfer? transmission works?
Methods of sending data over a phone Data is coded into a series of pulses,
line including a start bit and a stop bit. A
start bit is sent by the sending modem
How does Synchronous data to inform the receiving modem that a
transmission works? character is to be sent. The data is
Data is sent via a bit-stream. That is, then sent, followed by a stop bit
as a group of characters in a single signaling that the transfer is complete.
stream
How is it done?
Start bit
Stop bit
Modems gather groups of characters
into a buffer, where they are prepared
to be sent as such a stream. Before
sending data, modems synchronize with 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
each other by sending special Asynchronous Data Transfer
characters, called synchronization, or
syn, characters.
Transmission Modes
What are the 3 data transmission How does data flows in Full-duplex?
modes? Allows simultaneous transmission in
Simplex, Half-duplex and Full-duplex both directions. Done by transmitting
data at one frequency in one direction
and another frequency in the opposite
What is Simplex?
direction, by using 4-wire lines,
Data flows in one direction only
Modem uses which type of

How does data flows in Half-duplex? transmission?
Data flows in both directions, but only Most modems sold today are full-
in one direction at a time. duplex.
Modem Speed
What is the transmission speed
measured in?
Kbps (kilo-bits-per-second)
How do 2 modem established the

transfer speed?
Handshaking. The 2 modem negotiate
the highest supported speed by the 2
units.
What are the handshaking standards?

1. v.34 for speed up to 36kbps
2. K56flex and X2 for speed up to
56kbps
3. v.90 for speed up to to 56kbps
(replace both K56flex and X2,
which are proprietary.
Port Speed
What is Port Speed? What is the recommended Port Speed?
Speed between the PC’s COM port and 9,600 modem: select 9,600 bps
the Modem. Each Port has a speed that 14,400 modem: select 19,200 bps
can be set independently. The Windows 19,200 modem: select 38,400 bps
95/98 default speed for all Serial Ports 28,800 modem: select 57,600 bps
is just 9,600 bit per second. 33,600 modem: select 57,600 bps or
try 115,200 bps
faster modem: select 115,200 bps or
What happen if the Port Speed is set 230,400 bps
too High?
A busy CPU may not be able to empty How to Change Port Speed?
the Port's data buffer before new data 1. Click the My Computer icon on the
arrives there, and data will gets Desktop.
damaged.
2. Click the Dial-Up Networking icon.
3. Right click the icon for your
What happen if the Port Speed is set Internet connection and then
too Low? choose properties.
Whole data transfer process will slow 4. In the General tab click Configure.
down 5. Change the speed in the Maximum
speed listbox.
Flow Control, Data Compression
Why modem requires Flow Control? What is Data compression in data
Often, one modem in a connection is transmission?
capable of sending data much faster Data compression allows modems to
than the other can receive. Flow control increase throughput (more data to be
send) without increasing the
allows the receiving modem to tell the transmission speed.
other to pause while it catches up.
Which are the 2 compression protocols?
What are the 2 types of flow control? 1. MNP-5, compression ratio of 2:1,
1. Software (XON/XOFF) 2. v.42bis, compression ratio of 4:1
2. Hardware (RTS/CTS)
How modem determines which
Which is preferred? compression protocols to use?
Hardware. Is faster and much more Compression can occur only when the
two communicating modems support the
reliable than software flow control. same compression techniques. If both
supports more than one type of
compression, the modems will use the
most powerful technique common to
both.
Modem
What are the types of Modem? What the signals provided?
1. External HS (high speed)
2. Internal ⇒ show modem at highest speed
AA (Auto answer)
Where do you install a internal modem? ⇒ Automatically answer the phone
Into the expansion slot. Currently, CD (Carrier detect)
modem are PCI type. ⇒ remote connection is in effect
OH (off hook)
Where do you install a external modem? ⇒ Modem is using the phone
Via a serial cable to either of the RS- RD (Receive data)
232 port (com port). ⇒ Modem is receiving data
SD (Send data)
How is the modem connected to the ⇒ Modem is sending data
telephone line?
TR (Terminal ready)
RJ11 (registered jack 11)
⇒ PC is able to communicate
MR (Modem ready)
What are the indicator lights on the
external modem used for? ⇒ Modem is ready to communicate
Troubleshooting
Installing Modem
What are the likely problem with How to test the modem after
Internal modem? installation?
Conflict of IRQ. ⇒ Control Panel
⇒ Modem Applet
How it happened? ⇒ Diagnostics
Internal modem may set to COM 2. In ⇒ Click on the Modem
this case, the COM 2 on the ⇒ Click More info
motherboard BIOS would have to be
Disabled.
Common AT Commands
What is the use of AT commands? Where can you use the AT commands?
To control and configure a modem. Terminal emulation software, eg Hyper
Terminal
Commands Functions
AT Your modem should respond with an OK. Your modem is plugged
in and turned on.
ATA Answer in coming call
ATL0 Set speak volume level. ATL0 is the lowest; ATL1 is the default;
ATL2 is medium and ATL3 is high
ATD Deal a number eg ATDT2222222.
T for Tone. You may include 9 for outside line.
ATH Hangs the modem
ATZ Reset the modem
AT&T1 Local analogue loop back test. Test modem and local port.
AT&T (6,7) Remote digital loop back test with remote modem.
Testing Modem
How to test modem? What is Digital Loopback test?
Loopback test. There are Analog and Checks the modem's RS-232 interface
Digital Loopback test. and the cable that connects the
computer and the modem. The modem
receives data (in the form of digital
What is Analog Loopback test?
signals) from the computer immediately
Modem self-test. Data from the returns the data to the screen for
keyboard or an internal test pattern is verification.
sent to the modem's transmitter, Test Data
turned into analog form, looped back to
its receiver and converted back into
digital form.
Local PC Remote PC
Local Digital Loopback Test
Test Data
Test Data
Analog Loopback Test
Local PC Remote Digital Loopback Test Remote PC
Troubleshooting Modem
Modem does not Verify cable is connect correctly for external modem. For
response internal modem, re-sit the card
Verify the COM Ports
IRQ is the main reason for Modem not working
Use Device Manager to check for Conflict
Software says no Check modem is looking for the correct port
Modem found Check for conflict
Device manager should Modem detect and no conflict
Modem works Check whether you installed the correct driver for the model
intermittently Check telephone (complain)
Data is lost in Enable hardware flow control, disable software flow control
downloading
Quick Facts
Modem converts parallel to digital signals and vice versa
16550 UART performs the job of signal conversion
Mode of transfer: simplex, duplex and full-duplex
In Asynchronous data transfer, data is transferred intermittently
In Synchronous data transfer, data is transferred at regular interval
Modem speed (line speed) is measured by kbps (no of bits per second)
Port speed is the speed of data transfer between DTE (PC) and DCE (modem)
Controlling signal flow - Hardware flow control (RTS/CTS) is preferred to software
XON/XOFF
Compress protocol, V.42bis (4:1) is preferred over MNP-5 (2:1)
Speed standard, V.90 is current standard implementation
AT Commands: ATDT – dialing with tone, ATDH – hanging up, ATDZ – reset the modem
External modem is normally connected to COM 2 (IRQ 3)
Modem not Responding – check modem card, check IRQ
Data lost – enable hardware flow control

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Chapter 16

Communicating Over Phone Lines

A+ Certification for PC Technician

Telephone Line Computer

Which UART is currently implemented

What is the Maximum speed supported?

Modem uses which type of

How do 2 modem established the

What are the handshaking standards?

Analog Loopback Test

Local PC Remote Digital Loopback Test Remote PC

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