HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

NAANEP,
MARICEL
ALBERT
EINSTEIN
PERSONAL BACKGROUND

a German-born physicist who developed the

general theory of relativity
He is considered the most influential physicist
of the 20th century
Nobel Prize winner
 Born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Wrttemberg,
Germany
Einstein grew up in a secular Jewish family
Father- Hermann Einstein, was a salesman and
engineer and a founder of Elektrotechnische
Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a Munich-based company
that manufactured electrical equipment
Mother- Pauline Koch, ran the family household
Sister- Maja Einstein, born two years after him
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

attended elementary school at the Luitpold Gymnasium

in Munich
1880s- Max Talmud, a Polish medical student who,
became his informal tutor
1884- received private education to get prepared for
school
1885- started playing the violin and received his primary
education at a Catholic school in Munich (Petersschule);
in 1888 he changed over to the Luitpold-Gymnasium
 1894- he left his school without a degree and
joined his family in Italy
October 1895- took his entrance examination at
the Eidgenoessische Polytechnische Schule in
Zurich
October 1896- he received hia scool-leaving and
enrolled at EPS with the the goal of becoming a
teacher in Physics and Mathemtics
 July 1900- finished his studies with a
diploma degree education
1905- miracle year published four papers
in Annalen der Physik focused on
photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the
special theory of relativity
 CONTRIBUTIONS

Quantum Theory of Light

Einsteins quantum theory of
light proposed that light is composed
of small packets of energy
called photons that have wave like
properties.
In this theory he also explained the
emission of electrons from some metals
theyre struck by lightning this was
called the photo electric effect.
 E=mc2 He demonstrated the
link
between mass and energy that
led to the nuclear
energy today.
Brownian movement This could
by far be the best Albert
Einstein discoveries, where his
observation of the zigzag
movement particles in
suspension, helped to prove the
existence
of atoms and molecules.
 Special Theory of Relativity
This Einstein theory helped to
explain that time and motion are
relative to their observers, as
long as the speed of light remains
constant and natural laws are the
same throughout the universe.
General Theory of Relativity
Einstein proposed that gravity is
a curved field in the space-time
continuum created by the existence
of mass.
 Manhattan Project Albert Einstein
created the Manhattan Project, a
research supported by the U.S. that
led to the development of the atomic
bomb in 1945. However, after learning
the destruction the atomic bomb did
in Japan during World War 2, Einstein
was known to be campaigning for a ban
on nuclear weaponry.
Sky is Blue Though this seems to be
a simple explanation, but Einstein
help put this argument to rest
 Einsteins Refrigerator This may be
one of the least known inventions
that Einstein is famous for today.
Einstein developed a refrigerator
design that used ammonia, water, and
butane, and required almost no energy
to work. Considering the energy
demands of the world, companies may
realize the importance of cooling &
refrigeration without energy, and
develop this concept further in the
near future.
 TRIVIA

Einstein didnt fail math as a child.

No one knows what happened to his
first daughter.
It took Einstein nine years to get a
job in academia.
He offered his wife his Nobel Prize as
part of their divorce settlement.
 solar eclipse helped make Einstein
world famous
The FBI spied on him for decades.
Einstein urged the building of the
atomic bomband later became a
proponent of nuclear disarmament.
He was asked to be president of
Israel
Einsteins brain was stolen after his
death.
MORAL IMPLICATION

The world is a dangerous place to live; not

because of the people who are evil, but
because of the people who don't do anything
about it.
GEORGE FRANCIS FITZGERALD
 PERSONAL BACKGROUND

born Aug. 3, 1851, Dublin, Ire.died Feb. 22, 1901, Dublin

(49)
born at 19 Lower Mount Street, Dublin in 1851
Father- William Fitzgerald, Trinity professor, was to become
Church of Ireland Bishop of Cork, and later of Killaloe
Mother- Anne Fitzgerald, sister of George Johnstone Stoney
(named, electron)
Wife- Harriette Mary Jellet, daughter of the Provost of TCD
He has 8 children - 3 sons and 5 daughters
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Home schooled and tutored by M.A. Boole

at the age of 16 entered Trinity College
Dublin (TCD) to study mathematics and
experimental science
1871- he graduated and at the top of his
class
1877-won Trinity College Fellowship was
appointed tutor at TCD
1881 become Professor of Natural and
Experimental Philosophy
CONTRIBUTIONS

who first suggested a the basis of wireless telegraphy

Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction method of producing radio
waves, thus helping to lay also called space contraction
in relativity physics, the shortening of an object along the
direction of its motion relative to an observer
Dimensions in other directions are not contracted.
This was the first incomplete theory of relativity and was
later used by Einstein in his special theory of relativity
 TRIVIA

Fitzgerald became an overnight

sensation in 1920 with This Side of
Paradise, a huge hit novel about
post World War I youth culture. His
second novel, The Great Gatsby, is
widely regarded as one of the
finest novels ever written, but at
the time of its release in 1924, it
was a middlingly-reviewed flop
His entire output: five novels and
160 short stories
 TRIVIA

Fitzgeralds time in Hollywood

inspired his final novel, The Love of
the Last Tycoon. He didnt finish it
before he died
He lost his battle with alcoholism.
Toward the end of his life, he
reportedly drank a quart of gin and
12 bottles of beer every day
MORAL IMPLICATION

Our body is for doing work and savor leisure

time and should not be engaged in hazardous
chemicals including alcoholics beverages that
may destroy the body and it also need food to
survive and too much work can kill you slowly
HENDRIK A. LORENTZ
PERSONAL BACKGROUND

was born at Arnhem, The Netherlands, on July 18,

1853
FATHER- Gerrit Frederik Lorent
MOTHER- ne Geertruida van Ginkel
he was four years old, his mother died
1862 his father married Luberta Hupkes
1881 Lorentz married Aletta Catharina Kaise
Had two daughters and one sons, Geertruida Luberta
Lorentz(eldest), went on to become a physicist,
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

In those days the grade school did not only have school
hours in the morning and in the afternoon
1866- the first high school (H.B.S.) at Arnhem was opened
1870- he entered the University of Leyden
1871- obtained his B.Sc. degree in mathematics and
physics
1872- returned to Arnhem , become a night-school teacher,
at the same time preparing for his doctoral thesis on the
reflection and refraction of light
 1875- at the early age of 22, he obtained his
doctor's degree
1878- he was appointed to the Chair of Theoretical
Physics at Leyden
1878- he published an essay on the relation
between the velocity of light in a medium and the
density and composition thereof
1923 he was elected to the membership of the
"International Committee of Intellectual
Cooperation" of the League of Nations. Of this
Committee, consisting of only seven of the world's
most eminent scholars
 CONTRIBUTION

best known for his work on the FitzGerald-Lorentz

contraction
1892 and 1895 Lorentz worked on describing
electromagnetic phenomena (the propagation of
light) in reference frames that move relative to
the aluminiferous ether
1904- he introduced his transformations which
basically described the increase of mass, the
reduction of length, and the time dilation of a
body that is moving at speeds closest to the
velocity of light
TRIVIA

Lorentz next major exposition of his

electron theory was Versuch einer Theorie
tier electrischen unci optischen
Erscheinungen in bewegten Krpern (1895).
He no longer derived the basic equations
of his theory from mechanical principles,
but simply postulated them.
He wrote the equations for the first time
in compact vector notation;
 TRIVIA

in electromagnetic
wheredis the dielectric
units the four displacement,Hthe magnetic force, v
equations that the velocity of the electric charge, p
describe the the electric charge density, and c the
electromagnetic field velocity of light A fifth and final
in a vacuum are equation describes the electric force of
div d = p, the ether on ponderable matter
containing electrons bearing unit
div H = 0, charge:
rot H =4(pv+d), E =4c2d+vH
known today as the Lorentz force
4 c2 rot d = H,
connecting the continuous field with
MORAL IMPLICATION

Lorentz, marked characteristics was an

uncommon openness to new trains of thought
HERMANN MINKOWSKI
PERSONAL BACKGROUND

born June 22, 1864, Aleksotas, Russian Empire

[now in Kaunas, Lithuania]died Jan. 12, 1909,
Gttingen, Germany
Father- Lewin Minkowski, a businessman
mother- Rachel Taubmann
Hermann's oldest brother Max (1844-1930) took
over the family business, but he was also an art
collector and the French consul in Knigsberg
 second brother Oskar (1858-1931) was a
physician, best known for his work on diabetes
Rudolph Minkowski - father of astrophysics
Minkowski also had an older sister, Fanny (1863-
1954)
younger brother, Toby (1873-1906)
Hermann was born while they were living in
Russia
He was eight years old the family returned to
Germany and settled in Knigsberg
 He got married to auguste Adle in 1897. They
had two daughters namely , Lilly and Ruth
He died unexpectedly of appendicitis at the
age of 44 in Gottingen.
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Home schooled till the age of seven

April 1880 He studied at the University of
Knigsberg
academic year 1882-83 - He spent three semesters
at the University of Berlin
1885- He received his doctorate, for a thesis
entitled Untersuchungen ber quadratische
Formen, Bestimmung der Anzahl verschiedener
Formen, welche ein gegebenes Genus enthlt
 CONTRIBUTION

He founded a sub discipline of mathematics called

geometry of numbers.
studies convex bodies and integer vectors in
n-dimensional space.
He laid the mathematical foundation for Albert
Einsteins theory of relativity
Minkowski introduces his fundamental axiom:
c2dt2 - dx2 - dy2 - dz2 > 0,
 or what comes to the same thing, that any velocity v always
proves less than c.
Accordinglycwould stand as the upper limit for all substantial
velocities, and that is precisely what would reveal the deeper
significance of the magnitudec.
TRIVIA

He was 18 years old at the time, when

he reconstructed Eisensteins theory
of quadratic forms and produced a
beautiful solution to the Grand Prix
problems
The topic of the prize was finding a
solution to the problem of the number
of representations of an integer as
the sum of five squares
.To honour his contribution, the
asteroid12493 Minkowski and M-
matrices are named after him
 Minkowski spacespace-timelaid the mathematical
foundations for Albert Einsteinsspecial theory of
relativity
he was awarded the Grand Prix des Sciences
Mathmatiques by theFrench Academy of Sciencesfor
his paper on the representation of numbers as a sum of
five squares
MORAL IMPLICATION

I believe I can prove it.

Heaven is angered by my arrogance, my
proof is also defective.
 REFERENCES
George Francis Fitzgerald, encyclopedia.com. Retrieved on October 11,2016 from
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/physics-biographies/george-fran
cis-fitzgerald

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz , The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved on October

11, 2016 from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hendrik-Antoon-Lorentz
Albert Einstein, bio. Retrieved on October 12, 2016 from
http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/biography.html
Advergize A. (October 27, 2015). Retrieved on October 12, 2016 from
http://www.advergize.com/science-technology/7-albert-einstein-inventions-contributions/
http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/mathematics-biographies/
hermann-minkowski
Hermann Minkowski Founder of geometry of numbers. Retrieved on October 11, 2016
from Hermann-minkowski_pdf
REFERENCES