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Application of ANOVA
Application of ANOVA
What is ANOVA?
1 2 3
Population 1 Population 2 Population 3
Testing Hypothesis
Thehypothesis
The hypothesistest
testof
ofanalysis
analysisof
ofvariance:
variance:
HH00::11==22==33==44==......r r
HH11::Not alli(i(i==1,1,...,
Notall ...,r)r)are
areequal
equal
i
The
Thetest
teststatistic
statisticof
ofanalysis
analysisof ofvariance:
variance:
F(r-1,n-r)
F(r-1, n-r) ==Estimate
Estimateof ofvariance
variancebased
basedon onmeans
meansfromfromrrsamples
samples
Estimateof
Estimate ofvariance
variancebased
basedononallallsample
sample
observations
observations
That
Thatis,is,the
thetest
teststatistic
statisticininan
ananalysis
analysisof ofvariance
varianceisisbased
basedononthe
theratio
ratio
oftwo
of twoestimators
estimatorsof ofaapopulation
populationvariance,
variance,andandisistherefore
thereforebased
basedon on
theFFdistribution,
the distribution,with
with(r-1)
(r-1)degrees
degreesof offreedom
freedomininthethenumerator
numeratorand
and
(n-r)degrees
(n-r) degreesof offreedom
freedomininthe thedenominator.
denominator.
Extension of ANOVA to Three Factors
Source of Sum of Degrees
Variation Squares of Freedom Mean Square F Ratio
Factor A SSA a-1 SSA MSA
MSA F
a 1
MSE
Factor B SSB b-1 SSB MSB
MSB F
b 1 MSE
Factor C SSC c-1 SSC MSC
MSC F
c 1 MSE
Interaction SS(AB) (a-1)(b-1) SS ( AB ) MS ( AB )
MS ( AB ) F
(AB) ( a 1)( b 1) MSE
or
The strength of the joint effect of two factors, called the overall effect, or multiple
2, is measured as follows:
multiple 2 =
SS x 1x 2/dfn
F=
SS error/dfd
MS x 1x 2
=
MS error
where
where
dfn = c1 - 1
dfd = N - c 1c 2
Issues in Interpretation
The most commonly used measure in ANOVA is omega squared, . This measure
2indicates what proportion of the variation in the dependent variable is related to a particular
independent variable or factor. The relative contribution of a factor X is calculated as
follows:
SS x (df
x xMS error)
2x =
SS total +MS error
Normally, is interpreted only for statistically significant effects.
2
Repeated Measures ANOVA
In the case of a single factor with repeated measures, the total
variation, with nc - 1 degrees of freedom, may be split into
between-people variation and within-people variation.