The Modern Era

of Databases
The movement towards the use of
the Database Management System

Alex P. Pasion, MIT

Instructor
Topics

Why is there a need to study File Processing

and DBM?
Historical Perspective.
History of Database Processing.
Preliminaries

Why is there a need to study File

Processing and DBM?
Why do we use Databases?

Simply because of ourselves and there is

always something that happens around us.
Collect Data
Use and Reuse data
Historical Perspective
Historical Perspective
Historical Perspective
Historical Perspective
The Electronic Age:

Diskette
Punch Card
Why do we Humans desire
Databases?

Man has always had the desire to record

everything around him
The more things we record, the more we need
for storage

And these records are desired to be shared

and re-used.
The more we are involved in activities that
needs information, the more we need the
storage to be accessible and faster retrieved by
several people.
The Paper-Filing Cabinet
Database
Trivia
In 1790, the US decided to record census data
(3.9 million people)
In 1880, it took the US 7 years to tabulate the
recorded data
1890, the population increased by 12 million
1890, the US decided to use tabulating
machines using computer (punch cards),
tabulation took only 2-3 months.
The Electronic File Database
The issues that faced File
Processing
Separation and isolation of data
Duplication of data
Data dependence
Incompatible file formats
Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application
programs
The Birth of the
Database Management System
So now, what is a Database?

A shared persistent, organized, structured

storage of collected interrelated data that has
purpose

It may be but not just STORAGE

It may be but is not just for RETRIEVAL
It is about PURPOSE and the need for
generation of meaningful INFORMATION
History of Database Processing
File Processing Systems

The first business information systems

used in the late 50s and early 60s stored
group of records in separate files and were
called file processing systems.
Problems Encountered:
Data was becoming difficult to manage
New systems are becoming difficult to develop.
Management were not able to relate the data
into one file system to another.
Database Technology

A solution to the problems of file

processing systems and so large
companies began to develop
organizational databases.
Problems Encountered:
Database application has many failures
When database fails, all the dependent
application fails.
Most the applications were done in High-level
language but the users do not have time and
resources to become professional programmers.
Database application has many failures
When database fails, all the dependent application fails.
users do not have time and
resources to become professional
programmers.
Relational Model

A solution to the problem of storing large

amount of data
Problems Encountered:
Encountered a good deal of resistance
because it requires more computer
resources.
It seemed foreign to many programmers
Relational Model
--Requires Computer
Resources
Microcomputer DBMS Products
In 1979, a small company named Ashton-Tate
introduced a microcomputer product Dbase II and
called it relational DBMS.

DBMS products:
Dbase III+, Oracle, Focus, ingres

Relational DBMS products

Dbase IV, Paradox, Revelation, Helix
Client/Server Database
Applications
A LAN based multi-user architecture.
Distributed Database processing

Combination of Personal, workgroup,

and organizational database.

Problems Encountered:
Security and control
Synchronization of data
 Object Oriented DBMS
In 1980s a new style of programming
called Object oriented programming (OOP)
began to be used, thus the birth of a new
DBMS category called object oriented
database system.

Problems Encountered:
Very expensive
Most organization has
millions of data already
stored in relational DBMS.
QUIZ
QUESTION #1:

The first business

information systems used
in the late 50s and 60s.
a. File Processing System
b. Database Technology
c. Distributed DBMS
d. Object-Oriented DBMS
QUESTION #2:

A LAN based multi-user

architecture
a. Database Technology
b. Client/Server
c. Distributed DBMS
d. Object-Oriented DBMS
QUESTION #3:

Combination of Personal,
workgroup, and
organizational database
a. Database Technology
b. Client/Server
c. Distributed DBMS
d. Object-Oriented DBMS
QUESTION #4:
When compared with a file
processing system, a database offers
all of the following except _____.
a. reduced data redundancy
b. easier access and shared data
c. reduced development time
d. less required memory, storage, and
processing power
QUESTION #5:
A major weakness of a lot of file
processing systems is that _____.

a. they have redundant data and they isolate data

b. they are much more complex than a database

c. data is more vulnerable than data in a

database
d. all of the above
QUESTION #6:

Complete the following lines:

The more things we record,
the more we need for _________
a. Data
b. Information
c. Storage
d. None of the above
QUESTION #7:
Persons throughout the organization
who add, delete, and modify data in
the database and who request or
receive information from it
a. Programmer
b. System Analyst
c. End-user
d. None of the above
QUESTION #8:

When database fails, all the

dependent application fails. This
problem is under ______.
a. File Processing
b. Database Technology
c. Relational Model
d. DBMS Products
QUESTION #9:

Requires Computer
Resources. This problem is
under ______.
a. File Processing
b. Database Technology
c. Relational Model
d. Microcomputer DBMS Products
QUESTION #10:

Security and Control. This

problem is under ______.
a. Object Oriented
B. Client/Server
c. Distributed Database Processing
d. Microcomputer DBMS Products
Next
File and its classification
Database Approach