What Is A Safe NPSH Margin For A Centrifugal Pump

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods
Advanced Artificial Lift Methods PE 571
Chapter 1 - Electrical Submersible Pump
Centrifugal Pump Theory Inviscid Fluids Single Phase
Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Principles of an Centrifugal Pump
ESPs are multi stage centrifugal pumps. The two main components of a
centrifugal pump are the impeller and the diffuser.
The Impeller takes the power from the rotating shaft and accelerates the fluid.
The diffuser transforms the high fluid velocity (kinetic energy) into pressure.


Geometry of an Centrifugal Pump
The main components of an ESP including: Impeller
Impellers Casing Washer

Diffusers Shaft
Diffuser
Thrust washers Bushing


Geometry of an Centrifugal Pump
Impeller
Impeller
Diffuser
Diffuser


True Velocity Profile of Fluid Inside an Impeller


Assumptions
Assumptions:
1.Two dimensions: radial and tangential direction.
2.The impeller passages are completely filled with the flowing fluid at all time
(no void spaces)
3.The streamlines have a shape similar to the blades shape
4.Incompressible, inviscid, and single phase fluid
5.The velocity profile is sysmetric.
The head calculated based on these assumptions is known as the
theoretical head


Velocities at the intake and outlet of an impeller


Velocities at the intake and outlet of an impeller
Exit Velocity Triangle
Entrance Velocity Triangle


Velocity at One Point on the Impellers Blade






Triangle Fluid Velocity


Conclusion on Triangle Fluid Velocity
Known 3 operational parameters:
1. Angle, : knowing pump blade geometry
2. Tangential velocity, U: knowing the rotational speed
3. Radial velocity, vr: knowing the flow rate.
Therefore, the velocity triangle is completely determined.
What we need now is to find the pressure increment developed by one impeller
as a function of those 3 operational parameters and the fourth one, namely the
fluid density


Based on a Free Body Diagram
r R + dr










Mass Balance
Mass balance equation under steady state conditions in cylindrical coordinate:
Note that the fluid at the outlet of the impeller has two components: v r and v.
However, the change of vrespect to is zero.
Hence: constant


Mass Balance
The flow rate entering the pump intake is given (ri = r):
or
Rotational speed is related to the tangential velocity U by:
Hence, we know three parameters:


Mass Balance
Three parameters:
Combining with the triangle velocity gives:


Momentum Equation
For S.S; incompressible and single phase fluid; the momentum equations in the
cylindrical coordinates are given:


Total Pressure Losses Along the Streamline
If the fluid is inviscid; No change of velocity in z and (symmetric velocity)
direction; Neglect the pressure drop due to gravity:
Total derivative of pressure respect to the radius:
Therefore:
Streamline Trajectory


Streamline Geometric Relationship


Therefore, the total pressure losses along the streamline can be express as:
From the triangle geometric relationship:
Hence:


Simplifying this equation gives


Finally, the pressure difference across a streamline is given:
Integrate this equation gives the pressure increase across one stage:
By definition:
Hence:


Using the geometrical relationships:
This equation can be expressed as the Euler Equation:
Field unit:




Pump Head Definition
Definition for the pump head:
Head is an indirect measurement of pressure that does not depend on the fluid
density. That means for low viscous fluids, the pump performance can b uniquely
defined in terms of head.
In other words, the pump performance, in pressure, depends on the density of

the fluid being pumped, but when this performance is expressed in head, the
pump performance is independent of the fluid being pumped


Pump Head Definition


Head Losses
Due to the Leakage and recirculation of fluid inside the impleller.
Hydraulic losses including:
Diffusion loss due to divergence, or convergence
Fluid shock loss at the inlet
Mixing and eddying loss at the impeller discharge
Turning loss due to turning of the absolute velocity vector
Separation losses
Friction losses
Mechanical losses


Leakage and Recirculation Losses
Recirculation
Leakage

Theoretical diagram
Diagram with recirculation


Theoretical head (Euler head)

Head, H
Leakage/Recirculation losses
Flow rate, Q


Hydraulic Losses
Pumps are designed trying to achieve a no pre-rotation condition close to the
best efficiency point, since this condition minimize shock-losses. In other words,
shock losses increase as we move away from the BEP.


Hydraulic Losses
Other losses including friction, mixing, change in direction of fluid, separation,
etc. also contribute significantly to the total losses due to hydraulic.

Head, H
Hydraulic losses
Flow rate, Q


Friction Losses
Friction losses increases with increasing flowrate and viscosity.

Head, H
Friction losses
Flow rate, Q


Mechanical Losses
These losses include disk friction and frictional losses in bearings. The most
significant loss is the thrust bearing loss. The mechanical losses do not have any
effect on head and capacity of a pump but increase the brake hoursepower.


Total Losses
Hydraulic losses
Head, H
Friction losses
Actual Head
Leakage/Recirculation losses
Flow rate, Q


Horsepower
The hydraulic horsepower is the energy transmitted to the fluids by the pump.
The break horsepower is the energy required by the pump shaft to turn. Some of
this energy is dissipated inside the pump.
The ratio between the hydraulic horsepower and the break horsepower is the
pump hydraulic efficiency.


Pump Performance
In practice, a pump is tested by running it at a constant speed and varying the
flow by controlling the choke. During the test, Q, DP, and the break horsepower
are measure at several points. The DP is then converted to head and the overal
efficiency of the pump is calculated. Based on these data, we can develop the
pump performance.
The performance curve of a centrifugal pump can be summarized in only one
curve of head vs. flowrate for all low viscous fluids.


Pump Performance


Pump Performance
Manufacturers also provide polynomial equations to describe the catalog pump
performance curves.


Pump Performance
Do the calculation for these correlations:

What Is A Safe NPSH Margin For A Centrifugal Pump

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Advanced Artificial Lift Methods

Advanced Artificial Lift Methods PE 571

Chapter 1 - Electrical Submersible Pump

Centrifugal Pump Theory Inviscid Fluids Single Phase

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

centrifugal pump are the impeller and the diffuser.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

The main components of an ESP including: Impeller

Impellers Casing Washer

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

1.Two dimensions: radial and tangential direction.

(no void spaces)

3.The streamlines have a shape similar to the blades shape

4.Incompressible, inviscid, and single phase fluid

5.The velocity profile is sysmetric.

The head calculated based on these assumptions is known as the

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Exit Velocity Triangle

Entrance Velocity Triangle

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Known 3 operational parameters:

1. Angle, : knowing pump blade geometry

2. Tangential velocity, U: knowing the rotational speed

3. Radial velocity, vr: knowing the flow rate.

Therefore, the velocity triangle is completely determined.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Mass balance equation under steady state conditions in cylindrical coordinate:

However, the change of vrespect to is zero.

Electrical Submersible Pump

Theoretical Head Developed by an Impeller

Rotational speed is related to the tangential velocity U by:

Hence, we know three parameters:

Electrical Submersible Pump