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1-3 Chapter 9 Social Psychology
1-3 Chapter 9 Social Psychology
Social Psychology
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Social Psychology
Topics to Explore
Social Influence
Why We Comply
Obedience to Authority
65% obeyed by going all the way to 450 volts on the shock
machine even though the learner eventually could not answer
any more questions.
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Obedience to authority
was lowered by:
increased personal
contact with victim
social support of others
(e.g., two volunteers
working together)
Authority figure
appearing more
disreputable
Disagreement between
2 authority figures
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Group Influence
Social Facilitation: the presence of others leads to
heightened arousal, in which our performance of simpler,
familiar tasks is improved and our performance of more
difficult, unfamiliar tasks is adversely affected.
Social loafing: tendency to exert less effort when working in
a group toward a common goal than when individually working
toward the same goal.
Diffusion of responsibility: the lessening of a sense of
individual responsibility for a task when responsibility is
shared among members of a group.
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Attribution Theory
About Ourselves
Actor-observer bias: the tendency to overestimate
situational influences on our own behavior, but to overestimate
dispositional influences on the behavior of others
Self-serving bias: the tendency to make attributions so that
one can perceive oneself favorably
False-consensus effect: tendency to overestimate the
commonality of ones opinions and unsuccessful behaviors
(but not successful behaviors)
False uniqueness effect: tendency to underestimate the
commonality of ones abilities and successful behaviors
Attributions We Make
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About Others
Fundamental attribution error: the tendency as an observer
to overestimate dispositional influences (internal causes) and
underestimate situational influences (external causes) upon
others behavior
Just world hypothesis: the assumption that the world is just
and that people get what they deserve
Primacy effect: information gathered early is weighted more
heavily than information gathered later in forming an
impression of another person (I.e., first impressions count!)
Self-fulfilling prophecy: our behavior leads a person to act in
accordance with our expectations for that person
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger): discomfort caused by
inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior
We need to have consistency in our thoughts, perceptions,
and images of ourselves
Underlies attempts to convince ourselves we did the right
thing
Justification: Degree to which ones actions are justified by
rewards or other circumstances
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Social Roles