Technical Imaging

Axonometric projection
From Greek axon (axis)+
metry

In the 3-D coordinate

system the axes are
mutually perpendicular.

The origin (0,0,0) is

usually taken at the
intersection of these axes.
Axonometric projection
Axonometric projection
Axonometric projection
Axonometric projection
 Axonometric projection

Derivation:
Parallel projection together
with the coordinate system
onto a single image plane.
Characteristics:
picturesque
looks three-dimensional
parallel lines remain
parallel
suitable for reading
dimensions
Isometric axonometry
Dimetric axonometry
 Cabinet axonometry
Derivation: oblique projection
Characteristics: the front face
is sketched as a true shape
without distortion.
All the circles in the front face are
drawn as circles instead of
ellipses.
Description: There are two axes-one
vertical and one horizontal-together
with a third axis drawn at 45o to the
horizontal and along which all the
measurements are reduced to half true
length.
 Monge projection
Modern orthographic
projection is derived from
Gaspard Monges
descriptive geometry.
Monge defined a reference
system of two viewing
planes, horizontal H
("ground") and vertical V
("backdrop").
These two planes divide
space into 4 quadrants.
 Monge projection

Gaspard Monge,
(1746 1818) was a French
mathematician and the
inventor of descriptive
geometry, the
mathematical basis on
which technical drawing is
based. During the French
revolution he served as the
Minister of the Marine.
 Monge projection
Derivation : uses two
image planes which are
orthogonal.
Advantage
Represents features of
an object more
accurately
It is a multi-view
projection.
 Monge projection
Derivation:
uses two image planes
which are orthogonal
orthogonal projection
 Monge projection
Derivation:
uses two image planes
which are orthogonal
orthogonal projection
 Monge projection
Derivation:
uses two image planes
which are orthogonal
orthogonal projection
 Monge projection
Derivation:
uses two image planes
which are orthogonal
orthogonal projection
 Monge projection
Unfolding the planes two
views of the object can be
shown simultaneously on
the drawing paper.
Characteristics:
front and top views are not
distorted,
suitable for reading
dimensions and easy for
drafting
Application: engineering
drawing
Illustration vs. Monge projection
 Orthographic projection
Means that the line of sight
is perpendicular to the
principal view.
Two forms are used:
firs angle (European) and
third angle (American)
 Orthographic projection
Although any face could be
chosen to be the front, once
front and two other faces are
selected all are determined.
There are really SIX
PRINICPAL VIEWS as defined
in the diagram.

Generally do not need all six

to fully describe the object.
A conventional Engineering
Drawing will normally have 2
to 3 views unless it required
more views to describe the
geometry/profile.
Projections of basic space elements

Consider first the simplest

system- a point (P) in space.
The image planes are under
and behind the point.
Projection lines from point P
(normal to the image planes)
intersect the planes at points
P and P.
The intersection line of
image planes is significant in
the projection process and is
commonly known as
reference line.
Unfolding image planes
Unfolding image planes
Unfolding image planes
Unfolding image planes
Unfolding image planes
Unfolding image planes
Unfolding image planes
Geometrical features:
Sections I. and II. are always
perpendicular to the
reference line (x1,2)
Sections I. and II. are always
aligned (are in line).
Section I.: distance from the
second image plane
Section II.: distance from
the first image plane.
Image of a point which is on the
vertical plane
Image of a point which is on the vertical
plane
Image of a point which is on the vertical
plane
Image of a point which is on the vertical
plane
Image of a point which is on the vertical
plane
Image of a point which is on the vertical
plane
Image of a point which is on the vertical
plane
Image of a point which is on the vertical
plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
horizontal plane
Image of a point which is on the
reference line, x12
Image of a point which is on the
reference line, x12
Image of a point which is on the
reference line, x12
Image of a point which is on the
reference line, x12
Image of a point which is on the
reference line, x12
Image of a point which is on the
reference line, x12
Coinciding points
Coinciding points
Projections of basic space elements

a point in space
a line in space
a plane in space
 Representation of lines in space

A line is defined by two points in space.

A line in space can appear as a point, as a

foreshortened line, or in its true length,
depending upon its relationship with the
projection plane.
Representation of lines
Specifying the position of a line
Representation of lines
Specifying the position of a line

Projection of a line can be

considered as projection of
any two points on the line.
An oblique line does not
appear true length in any of
the principal views. It is not
parallel to the frontal or
horizontal planes.
Representation of lines
Specifying the position of a line
Representation of lines
Specifying the position of a line
Representation of lines of special
position
Representation of lines of special position

Line e is parallel to the

vertical plane and
perpendicular to the
horizontal plane.
The top view of the line is a
point.
The front view on the vertical
plane is the true length of
the line.
Representation of lines of special position
Representation of lines of special position
 Representation of lines of special position

Line e is parallel to the

horizontal plane and
perpendicular to the vertical
plane.
The front view of the line is a
point.
The top view on the horizontal
plane is the true length of the
line.
Representation of lines of special position

Line e is parallel to the

horizontal plane.
A horizontal line appears
true length in the top view.
Its position in space is such
that it is parallel to the
horizontal plane.
 Representation of lines of special position

The top view on the

horizontal plane is the true
length of the line.
The distance of the line from
the horizontal plane can be
seen on the vertical plane.
Representation of lines of special position

Line e is parallel to the

vertical plane.
The front view on the
vertical plane is the true
length of the line.
The distance of the line from
the vertical plane can be
seen on the horizontal plane.
The top view of the line is
parallel to the reference line
(x12).
Representation of lines of special position
Representation of lines of special position
 Representation of lines of special position

Line e is parallel to the

reference line.
Both views are parallel to
the reference line.
Representation of lines of special position

Profile line (sloping line)

 Representation of lines of special position

Both views are

perpendicular to the
reference line (x1,2).
 Representation of lines of special position

Problem: The same straight line can be the image (projection )

of several lines (not clear!).
 Representation of lines of special position

Solution: Selection of two points on the line.

This is the end of
Representation of lines of special position

Next:
Finding the track points of a line
Intersection of a line and the principal
planes

Introduction
 P and P are collinear
points (points that lie on the
same line).
Line PP always
perpendicular to the
reference line.
Intersection of a line and the principal
planes
Line e intersects the
horizontal principal plane
in point N1 and the vertical
principal plane in point N2.
 Intersection of a line and the principal
planes

Projecting these points to

the principal planes we can
get the views of them:
N1 is the top view, N1 is the
front view of point N1.
N2 is the top view, N2 is the
front view of point N2.
 Intersection of a line and the principal
planes

Connecting points N1 and

N2 the top view of line e is
obtained.
Connecting points N1 and
N2 the front view of line e
is obtained.
Intersection of a line and the principal
planes
Intersection of a line and the principal planes
 Intersection of a line and the principal
planes

Given: Top and front views

of a line.
Required: Construct the
intersection of the line and
the principal planes.
 Relationships of Lines

There are four configurations for lines:

parallel
intersecting
non-intersecting (skew).
 Relationships of Lines

Parallel lines
If two lines are parallel,
they will appear parallel in
all orthographic views.
 Relationships of Lines

Parallel lines
If two lines are parallel,
they will appear parallel
in all orthographic views.
 Relationships of Lines

Intersecting lines
Relationships of Lines

The point of intersection in

all views is the same point in
space.
Relationships of Lines

Given two lines in space, the

two lines will intersect if the
point of intersection projects
from view to view.
Relationships of Lines
 Relationships of Lines

Given two lines in space, the

two lines will intersect if the
point of intersection projects
from view to view.

The line joining the

intersection points in two
views is normal to the
reference line.
 Relationships of Lines

Lines e and f appear to

intersect.
 Relationships of Lines

Non-intersecting (skew lines):

lines that are neither parallel
nor intersecting
do not have a common
intersecting point.
Relationships of Lines
Relationships of Lines
Relationships of Lines
Relationships of Lines
Relationships of Lines

The point of intersection

does not project from the
top to the front view.
Relationships of Lines

The point of intersection

does not project from the
top to the front view.
The line joining the semi-
intersection points in the
two views is not normal to
the reference line.
 Relationships of Lines

Visibility of each
line
 Relationships of Lines

Coinsiding Lines
first covering lines: lines e
and f are in the same plane,
which is perpendicular to
the horizontal principal
plane.
Relationships of Lines
 Relationships of Lines

Coinsiding Lines
second covering lines: lines
e and f are in the same
plane, which is
perpendicular to the vertical
principal plane.
Relationships of Lines
Relationships of Lines
Projections of basic space elements

a point in space
a line in space
a plane in space
 Plane surfaces in space

A plane can be defined by

three non-linear points in space
a line and a point not on the line
two parallel lines
two non-parallel intersecting lines.
Defining a plane by three points in space
Defining a plane by three points in space
Defining a plane by three points in space
Defining a plane by three points in space
Defining a plane by three points in space
Defining a plane by three points in space
Defining a plane by three points in space
 Tilted plane

The same side of the plane can be seen on both views.

The direction of rotating about is the same.
 Stretched plane

Different sides of the plane can be seen on the two views.

The direction of rotating about is different.
Designating a line and a point in the plane
Defining a plane by a point and a line
Defining a plane by a point and a line
Defining a plane by a point and a line
Defining a plane by a point and a line
Defining a plane by a point and a line
Defining a plane by a point and a line
Defining a plane by two lines
Defining a plane by two lines
Defining a plane by two lines
Defining a plane by two lines
Defining a plane by two lines
Defining a plane by two lines
Defining a plane by two lines
Defining a plane by two lines
Representation of planes of special
position
 A plane perpendicular to the horizontal
principal plane

The plane appears as an edge on the horizontal plane.

 A plane perpendicular to the vertical
principal plane

The plane appears as an edge on the vertical plane.

What are the positions of the following
planes?
Special lines of planes
Special lines of planes

Horizontal principal line

Special lines of planes

Horizontal principal line

Special lines of planes

Horizontal principal line

Special lines of planes

Horizontal principal line

Special lines of planes

Horizontal principal line

Special lines of planes

Horizontal principal line

Special lines of planes

Horizontal principal line

Special lines of planes

Vertical principal line

Special lines of planes

Vertical principal line

Special lines of planes

Vertical principal line

Special lines of planes

Vertical principal line

Special lines of planes

Vertical principal line

Special lines of planes

Vertical principal line

Special lines of planes

Vertical principal line

Special lines of planes

Vertical principal line

Specifying a plane by track lines
Third image plane
 Derivation of the third image plane

Aim: when the front and top

views are not enough to the
clear representation of an
object.
It is perpendicular to both
image planes.
A fourth (auxiliary) image plane

Transformation
A point in the two image plane system
A point in the two image plane system
Auxiliary image plane perpendicular to the
horizontal plane
Projection of the point to the auxiliary plane
Unfolding the auxiliary plane into the horizontal plane
Unfolding the auxiliary plane
. into the horizontal plane
Unfolding the auxiliary plane into the horizontal
plane
.
Unfolding the auxiliary plane
. into the horizontal plane
Unfolding the auxiliary plane
. into the horizontal plane
 Unfolding the horizontal and the
auxiliary plane into .the plane of drawing
 Unfolding the horizontal and the
.
auxiliary plane into the plane of drawing
 Unfolding the horizontal and the
auxiliary plane into the
. plane of drawing
 Unfolding the horizontal and the
auxiliary plane into .the plane of drawing
 Unfolding the horizontal and the
auxiliary plane into. the plane of drawing
 Unfolding the horizontal and the
auxiliary plane into .the plane of drawing
 Unfolding the horizontal and the
auxiliary plane into .the plane of drawing
 Unfolding the horizontal and the
auxiliary plane into.the plane of drawing
Derivation of a secondary
auxiliary plane
A point is given in the two
image plane system
Projection of the point to the vertical
and horizontal planes
Specifying an auxiliary plane
Finding the image of the point on
.
the auxiliary plane
Derivation of a secondary auxiliary plane
perpendicular
. to the
auxiliary plane
Projection of the point to the
.
secondary auxiliary plane
Unfolding the secondary auxiliary plane
into the secondary
. plane
Unfolding the secondary auxiliary
plane into the secondary
. plane
Unfolding the secondary auxiliary
.
plane into the secondary plane
Unfolding the secondary auxiliary plane
into the secondary
. plane
Unfolding the secondary auxiliary
plane into the secondary
. plane
Unfolding the secondary auxiliary
plane into the secondary
. plane
Unfolding the two auxiliary planes into the
horizontal
. plane
Unfolding the two auxiliary planes into the
.
horizontal plane
Unfolding the two auxiliary planes into the
horizontal
. plane
Unfolding the two auxiliary planes into
the horizontal
. plane
Unfolding the horizontal and the two auxiliary
planes into the plane
. of drawing
Unfolding the horizontal and the two auxiliary
planes into the plane
. of drawing
Unfolding the horizontal and the two auxiliary
planes into the plane
. of drawing
Unfolding the horizontal and the two auxiliary
planes into the plane
. of drawing
Unfolding the horizontal and the two auxiliary
planes into the plane
. of drawing
Unfolding the horizontal and the two auxiliary
planes into the .plane of drawing
Unfolding the horizontal and the two auxiliary
planes into the plane
. of drawing
Unfolding the horizontal and the two auxiliary
planes into the .plane of drawing