Long Term Evolution

Technology training
(Part 1)

1
Outline

LTE and SAE overview

LTE radio interface architecture
LTE radio access architecture
LTE multiple antenna techniques

2
Part 1

LTE/SAE OVERVIEW

3
 Mobile broadband (3GPP)
Release Standardi Commerc Major features
zed ial
3G continues to evolve
3GPP R99 1999 2000 Bearer services
Standardized through 3GPP
64 kbit/s CS 3G gracefully evolves into 4G
384 kbit/s PS
Location services starting from R7 and R8
Call services: compatible with
GSM
Date rates
R99: 0.4Mbps UL, 0.4Mbps DL
3GPP R5 2002 2006 IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS) R5: 0.4Mbps UL, 14Mbps DL
IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN R6: 5.7Mbps UL, 14Mbps DL
Improvements in GERAN R7: 11Mbps UL, 28Mbps DL
HSDPA
R8: 50Mbps UL on LTE, 160 Mbps
3GPP R6 2004 2007 Multimedia broadcast and DL on LTE, 42Mbps DL on HSPA
multicast
Improvements in IMS Two branches of the standards
HSUPA HSPA : Gradual performance
Fractional DPCH improvements at lower incremental
3GPP R7 2007 2008 Enhanced L2 costs
64 QAM , MIMO LTE: revolutionary changes with
VoIP over HSPA significant performance
CPC - continuous packet improvements (higher cost, first step
connectivity towards IMT advanced)
FRLC - Flexible RLC
3GPP R8 2008 2010 DC-HSPA+ (Dual Cell HSPA+)
HSUPA 16QAM
4 R8
3GPP 2008 2010 New air interface (OFDM/SC-
(LTE) FDMA)
LTE Releases
Standardiz Commerci
Release Major features
ed al
Multi antenna support
Channel dependent scheduling
Bandwidth flexibility
3GPP R8 (LTE) 2008 2010
ICIC (Intercell Interference Coordination)
Hybrid ARQ
FDD + TDD support
Dual layer beam forming
Network based UE positioning
3GPP R9 (LTE) 2009
MBSFN (Multicast/Broadcast Single Frequency
Network)
Multi antenna extension
3GPP R10 (LTE) Relaying
2010
LTE Advanced Carrier aggregation
Heterogeneous networks (HetNets)

LTE has an evolution path of its own

Evolution is towards IMT-Advanced (LTE advanced)
LTE advanced spectral efficiency 30bps/Hz (DL), 15bps/Hz (UL)

5 Note: This presentation focuses on R8 features

 LTE requirements
Outlined in 3GPP TR 29.913 System performance
Seven different areas Baseline is HSPA Rel. 6
Capabilities Throughput specified at 5% and 50%
System performance Maximum performance for low mobility
users (0-15km/h)
Deployment related aspects
High performance up to 120 km/h
Architecture and migration
Maximum supported speed 500km/h
Radio resource management
Cell range up to 100km
Complexity, and
Spectral efficiency for broadcast 1 b/s/Hz
General aspects
Capabilities Throughput requirements relative to
DL data rate > 100 Mbps in 20 MHz baseline
UL data rate > 50 Mbps in 20MHz Performance DL target UL target
Rate scales linearly with spectrum measure relative to relative to
base line baseline
Latency user plane: 5ms (transmission of
small packet from UE to edge of RAN) Average 3-4 times 2-3 times
throughput per
Latency control plane: transmission time
MHz
from camped state 100ms, transmission
time from dormant state 50 ms Cell edge user 2-3 times 2-3 times
throughput per
Support for 200 mobiles in 5MHz, 400 MHz
mobiles in more than 5MHz
Spectrum 3-4 times 2-3 times
6 efficiency
(bit/sec/Hz)
 LTE requirements (2)
Deployment related aspects
LTE may be deployed as standalone or
together with WCDMA/HSPA and/or
GSM/GPRS
Full mobility between different RANs
Handover interruption time targets Spectrum flexibility
specified
Both paired and unpaired bands
IMT 2000 bands (co-existence with
WCDMA and GSM)
Channel bandwidth from 1.4-20MHz
Handover interruption time
Non-real time Real time
services (ms) services (ms)
LTE to WCDMA 500 300

LTE to GSM 500 300

LTE duplexing options

7
LTE requirements (3)
Architecture and migration
Radio resource management
Single RAN architecture
Support for enhanced end to end QoS
RAN is fully packet based with support
Support for load sharing between different
for real time conversational class
radio access technologies (RATs)
RAN architecture should minimize
single points of failure Complexity
RAN should simplify and reduce LTE should be less complex than
number of interfaces WCDMA/HSPA
Radio Network Layer and Transport
Network Layer interaction should not
be precluded in interest of performance
QoS support should be provided for
various types of traffic

8
SAE design targets
SAE Service Architecture Evolution
SAE = core network
Requirements placed into seven categories
High level and operational aspects
Basic capabilities
Multi-access and seamless mobility
Man-machine interface aspects
Performance requirements for Evolved 3GPP system
Security and privacy
Charging aspects
SAE requirements mainly non access related
(highlighted ones have impact on RAN)

9
Basic principles Air interface
Downlink OFDM
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing
Uplink DFTS-OFDM (SC-FDMA)
OFDM = Parallel transmission on
DFTS = DFT spread OFDM
multiple carriers
SC-FDMA = Single carrier FDMA
Advantages of OFDM
Avoid intra-cell interference Advantages (all critical for UL)
Robust with respect to multi-path propagation Signal has single carrier properties
and channel dispersion Low PAPR
Disadvantage of OFDM Similar hardware as OFDM
High PAPR and lower power amplifier Reduced PA cost
efficiency Efficient power consumption
Disadvantage
UL
Equalizer needed (not critical from UL)

modulation

10 DL
Basic principles Air interface
Shared channel transmission One shared
Only PS support channel simplifies
the overall
No CS services
signaling

Fast channel dependent

scheduling
Adaptation in time Scheduler takes
Adaptation in frequency the advantage of
Adaptation in code time-frequency
variations of the
channel
Hybrid ARQ with soft combining
Chain combining
Incremental redundancy

ARQ reduces
11 required
Eb/No
 Basic principles air interface

MIMO support Outline of spatial

MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output multiplexing idea
Use of multiple TX / RX antennas
Three ways of utilizing MIMO
RX diversity/TX diversity
Beam forming
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO with space time
coding)
MIMO transmission in Rayleigh fading
environment increases theoretical
capacity by a factor equal to number of
independent TX RX paths Note: Rayleigh fading de-
As a minimum LTE mobiles have two correlates the paths and
antennas (possibly four) provides multiple
uncorrelated channels

12
 Basic principles air interface
ICIC Inter-cell interference
coordination
LTE affected by inter-cell
interference (more than HSDPA)
In LTE interference avoidance
becomes scheduling problem
By managing resources across
multiple cells inter-cell
interference may be reduced
Standard supports exchange of
interference indicators between
the cells

One possible
implementation of
ICIC. Cell edge
implements N=3. Cell
interior implements
13 N=1.
 SAE-Architecture
SAE flat architecture
Core network, LTE Network layout
RAN
RAN consist of single elements:
eNode B
Single element simplifies RAN
No single point of failure
Core network provides two planes
User plane (through SGSN)
Control plane (through MME)
Interfaces
S1-UP (eNode B to SGSN)
S1-CP (eNode B to MME)
X2 between two eNode Bs (required for
handover)
Uu (UE to eNode B)
UE user equipment (i.e. mobile)
eNode B base station
SGSN Support GPRS Serving Node
GGSN Gateway GPRS Serving Node
SAE = System Architecture MME Mobility Management Entity
Evaluation PCRF - Policy and Charging Rules
14
function
 LTE protocol-control plane
NAS Non Access Stratum
RRC Radio Resource Control
PDCP Packet Data Convergence
Protocol
RLC Radio Link Control
MAC Medium Access Control
15
S1-AP S1 Application
SCTP Stream Control Transmission
Prot.
IP Internet Protocol
Note: LTE control plane is almost
the same as WCDMA (PDCP did
not exist in WCDMA control
plane)
 LTE protocol- user plane

PDCP Packet Data Convergence GTP-U - GPRS Tunneling Protocol

Protocol
RLC Radio Link Control Note: LTE user plane is identical to
MAC Medium Access Control UMTS PS side. There is no CS in LTE
user plane is simplified.
16
 LTE protocol X2
Connects all eNodeBs that are
supporting end user active
mobility (handover)
Supports both user plane and
control plane
Control plane signaling
required for handover execution Control
User plane packet forwarding plane
during handover

GTP-U: GPRS tunneling protocol

STCP: Stream Transmission Control
Protocol

User plane
17
Channel structure
Channels defined on Uu

Logical channels
Formed by RLC
Characterized by type of information

Transport channels
Formed by MAC
Characterized by how the data are
organized

Physical channels
Formed by PHY
Consist of a group of assignable radio
resource elements
Uu interface

18 Note: LTE defines same types of channels as

WCDMA/HSPA
LTE - channel mapping

19
 Logical channels
BCCH Broadcast Control CH
System information sent to all UEs
PCCH Paging Control CH
Paging information when addressing UE
CCCH Common Control CH
Access information during call establishment
DCCH Dedicated Control CH
User specific signaling and control
DTCH Dedicated Traffic CH
User data
MCCH Multicast Control CH
Signaling for multi-cast
MTCH Multicast Traffic CH
Multicast data

Red common, green shared, blue - LTE Channels

20 dedicated
Transport channels
BCH Broadcast CH
Transport for BCCH
PCH Paging CH
Transport for PCH
DL-SCH Downlink Shared CH
Transport of user data and signaling.
Used by many logical channels
MCH Multicast channel
Used for multicast transmission
UL-SCH Uplink Shared CH
Transport for user data and signaling
RACH Random Access CH
Used for UEs accessing the network

Red common, green shared LTE Channels

21
 PHY Channels
PDSCH Physical DL Shared CH
Uni-cast transmission and paging
PBCH Physical Broadcast CH
Broadcast information necessary for accessing the network
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel
Data and signaling for multicast
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control CH
Carries mainly scheduling information
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
Reports status of Hybrid ARQ
PCIFIC Physical Control Format Indicator
Information required by UE so that PDSCH can be
demodulated (format of PDSCH)
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Uplink user data and signaling
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel
Reports Hybrid ARQ acknowledgements
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
Used for random access
LTE Channels
22 Red common, green shared
 Time domain structure
Two time domain structures
Type 1: used for FDD transmission (may be full duplex or half duplex)
Type 2: used for TDD transmission
Both Type 1 and Type 2 are based on 10ms radio frame

Radio
frame :
Type 1

Radio
frame :
Type 2

23
 TDD frame configurations
Different configurations
allow balancing between
DL and UL capacity
Allocation is semi-static
Adjacent cells have same
allocation
Transition DL->UL
happens in the second
subframe of each half-
frame

Note: TDD frame

structure allows co-
existence between
LTE TDD and TD-
SCDMA
24
Allocatable resources
LTE radio resource = time-frequency chunk
Resource Block (RB) =
12 carriers in one TS
(12*15KHz x 0.5ms)

Time domain
1 frame = 10 sub-frames
1 subframe = 2 slots
1 slot = 7 (or 6) OFDM
symbols
Frequency domain
1 OFDM carrier = 15KHz

Note: In LTE resource management is

25 along three dimensions: Time,
Frequency, Code
Bandwidth flexibility
LTE supports deployment from 6RBs to 110 RBs in 1 RB increments
6RBs = 6 x 12 x 15KHz = 1080KHz -> 1.4MHz (with guard band)
110RBs = 110 X 12 X 15KHz = 19800KHz -> 20MHz (with guard band)
Typical deployment channel bandwidths: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz
Straight forward to support other channel bandwidths (due to OFDM)

UE needs to support up to the largest bandwidth (i.e. 20MHz)

26
 UE States
UE may be in three states
Detached: not connected to the network
Idle: attached to the network but not active Note: Both the UE states and
Connected: attached and active UE tracking are simpler than in
UE tracking UMTS
Detached state: UE position unknown
Idle state: UE position know with the Tracking Area (TA) resolution
Connected: UE location known to the eNodeB resolution

27
3GPP Specifications
All 3GPP specs are available at http://www.3gpp.org
RAN 1 36.2xx series PHY layer
RAN2 36.3xx series Layers 2 and 3
RAN3 36.4xx series S1 and X2 interfaces
RAN4 36.1xx series Core performance requirements
RAN5 36. 5xx series Terminal conformance testing

Example specs
organization

28
Section review
1. What are 3GPP broadband
cellular technologies?
2. What releases of 3GPP standard
9. What is Radio Block (RB)?
contains LTE?
10. What are spectrum bandwidth
3. What were target DL and UL
deployment options for LTE?
throughputs for LTE?
11. How many radio blocks are in
4. What does SAE stand for?
20MHz deployment?
5. What are components of the CS
12. Does LTE support TDD
part of the LTE core network?
deployment?
6. What is the access scheme used
13. What are three UE States
on the DL?
supported by LTE?
7. What is the role of fast scheduler
on LTE DL?
8. What is the smallest allocateable
resource in LTE DL?

29
Part 2

LTE RADIO ACCESS

30
Overview
Overview of OFDM/OFDMA
LTE Downlink transmission
Overview of DFTS-OFDM
LTE Uplink transmission
Multi-antenna transmission

31
Single carrier transmission
Data are used to modulate amplitude/phase (frequency) of a single carrier
Higher data rate results in wider bandwidth
Over larger bandwidths ( > 20KHz), wireless channel is frequency selective
As a result of frequency selectivity the received signal is severely distorted
Channel equalization needed
Complexity of equalizer increases rapidly with the signal bandwidth requirements

Transmission of
single carrier in
mobile terrestrial
environment

Note: over small

portion of the
signal spectrum,
fading may be
32
seen as flat
Multi-carrier transmission
Channel fading over smaller frequency bands flat (no need for equalizer)
Divide high rate input data stream into many low rate parallel streams
At the receiver aggregate low data rate streams

Signal for each

stream
experiences flat
fading

33
 FDM versus OFDM
OFDMA minimizes separation between
carriers
Carriers are selected so that they are
orthogonal over symbol interval
Carrier orthogonality leads to frequency
domain spacing f=1/T, where T is the
symbol time
In LTE carrier spacing is 15KHz and
useful part of the symbol is 66.7 microsec

Note: orthogonality
between carriers in time
domain allows closer
spacing in frequency
domain.
34 FDM versus OFDM
OFDM transmitter/receiver
Practically OFDM TX/RX is implemented using IFFT/FFT
Use of the IFFT/FFT at the baseband means that there is no need for
separate oscillators for each of the OFDM carriers
FFT (IFFT) hardware is readily available TX/RX implementation is simple

35
Guard time
Duration of the OFDM symbol is chosen to be much longer than the multi-path
delay spread
Long symbols imply low rate on individual OFDM carriers
In multipath environment long symbol minimizes the effect of channel delay spread
To make sure that there is no ISI between OFDM symbols guard time is inserted

OFDM symbols without guard OFDM symbols with guard

36
time time
Cyclic prefix
Guard time eliminates ISI between OFDM symbols
Multipath propagation degrades orthogonality between carriers within an
OFDMS symbol
To regain the orthogonality between subcarriers cyclic prefix is used
Cyclic prefix fills in the guard time between the OFDM symbols

37
Block diagram of full OFDM TX/RX
LTE supports numerous AMC schemes
AMC adds additional level of adaptation to the RF channel
Size of CP depends on the amount of dispersion in the channel
Two CP are used: normal (4.7 us) and extended (16.7 us)

38
 OFDMA time-frequency scheduling
Minimum allocateable resource in
LTE is Resource Block pair
Resource block pair is 12 carriers
wide in frequency domain and lasts
for two time slots (1ms)
Depending on the length of cyclic
prefix RB pair may have 14 or 12
OFDM symbols
PHY channels consist of certain
number of allocated RB pairs
Overhead channels are typically in a
predetermined location in time
frequency domain
Within a RB different AMC scheme
may be used
Allocation of the radio block is done
by scheduler at eNode B
39
Part 3

LTE DOWNLINK
TRANSMISSION

40
LTE OFDM
Parameter Value
Bandwidth
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
Frame
/subframe 10/1 ms
duration
Subcarrier
15KHz
spacing
Useful symbol
66.7us
part
FFT size 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Resource blocks 6 15 25 50 75 100
Number of used
72 180 300 600 900 1200
subcarriers
Cyclic prefix Normal: 5.1us for first symbol in a slot and 4.7us for other symbols ,
length Extended: 16.7us
OFDM
7 (normal CP), 6 (extended CP)
symbols /slot
Basic timing unit: Ts = 1/(2048 x 15000) ~
41 Error coding ns
23.552 1/3 convolutional (signaling); 1/3 turbo (data)
Detailed time domain structure

Need for two different CP:

1. To accommodate
environments with large
channel dispersion
2. To accommodate MBSFN
(Multi-Cast Broadcast
Single Frequency
Network) transmission

In case of MBSFN it may be

beneficial to have mixture
of sub-frames with normal
TCP: 160Ts (5.1us) for first symbol, 144Ts CP and extended CP.
(4.7us) for other six symbols Extended CP is used for
TCP-e: 512 Ts (16.7 us) for all symbols MBSFN sub-frames
42
 Exercise OFDM data rate capability at
the PHY
Case 1. Normal CP (no MIMO)
Resource block: 12 carriers x 14 OFDM symbols = 168 resource elements
Each resource element carries one modulation symbol
For 64 QAM: 1 symbol = 6 bits
Number of bits per subframe = 168 x 6 = 1008 bits/subframe
Raw PHY data rate = 1008/1ms = 1,008,000 bits/sec/resource block
(180KHz)
For 20MHz, Raw PHY data rate = 100 RB x 1,008,000 bits/sec/RB =
100.8Mbps
Case 2. Extended CP (no MIMO)
Resource block: 12 carriers x 12 OFDM symbols = 144 resource elements
Each resource element carries one modulation symbol
For 64 QAM: 1 symbol = 6 bits
Number of bits per subframe = 144 x 6 = 864 bits/subframe
Raw PHY data rate = 864/1ms = 864,000 bits/sec/resource block (180KHz)
For 20MHz, Raw PHY data rate = 100 RB x 864,000 bits/sec/RB =
86.4Mbps Note: with the use of MIMO the rates are increased

43
Downlink reference signals
For coherent demodulation terminal needs channel estimate for each subcarrier
Reference signals used for channel estimation
There are three type of reference signals

1. Cell specific DL reference signals

Every DL subframe
Across entire DL bandwidth
2. UE specific DL reference signals
Sent only on DL-SCH
Intended for individual UEs
3. MBSFN reference signals
Support multicast/broadcast

Note: Reference signals are

staggered in time and frequency.
This allows UE to perform 2-D
complex interpolation of channel
44 time-frequency response
 Cell specific reference signals
Two port TX
DL transmission may use up to four antennas
Each antenna port has its own pattern of reference signals
Reference signals are transmitted at higher power in multi-
antenna case
Reference signals introduce overhead
4.8% for 1 antenna port
9.5% for 2 antenna ports
14.3 % for 4 antenna ports Four port TX
Reference symbols vary from position to position and
from cell to cell cell specific 2 dimensional sequence
Period of the sequence is one frame

One port TX

45
Cell specific reference signals (2)
There are 504 different Reference Sequences (RS)
They are linked to PHY-layer cell identities
The sequence may be shifted in frequency domain 6 possible shifts
Each shift is associated with 84 different cell identities (6 x 84 = 504)
Shifts are introduced to avoid collision between RS of adjacent cells
In case of multiple antenna ports only three shifts are useful
For a given PHY Cell ID - sequence is the same regardless of the bandwidth used
UE can demodulate middle RBs in the same way for all channel bandwidths

Shifts for
single port
transmissi
on

46
 UE Specific RS
UE specific RS used for beam forming
Provided in addition to cell specific RS
Sent over resource block allocated for DL-SCH (applicable only
for data transmission)

Note: additional reference

signals increase overhead. One
of the most beneficial use of
beam forming is at the cell edge
improves SNR

47
 PHY channels supporting DL TX
SCH allows mobile to synchronize
to the DL TX during acquisition
PBCH used to broadcast static
portion of the BCCH
PDSCH carries user information
and signaling from upper layers of
protocol stack
PDCCH channel used by MAC
scheduler to configure L1/L2 and
assign resources (DL scheduling
and UL grants)
PCFICH explains to the UE the
format of the DL transmission
PHICH support for HARQ on the
uplink
PUCCH support for HARQ on the Channels required for DL
downlink transmission
48
 Summary of PHY DL channels
L1/L2 signaling
L1/L2 Control Coding scheme PHY Modulation
Channel
CFI (Channel Block code R=1/16 PCFICH QPSK
format Indicator)
HI (HARQ Repetition 1/3 PHICH BPSK
information)
DCI (Downlink Convolutional 1/3 PDCCH QPSK
control with rate matching
Information)
Services to upper
layers
Transport Coding scheme PHY Modulation
channel Channel
DL-SCH Turbo 1/3 PDSCH QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
BCH Convolutional 1/3 PBCH QPSK
PCH Turbo 1/3 PDSCH QPSK
MCH Turbo 1/3 PMCH QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
49
 Downlink L1/L2 signaling
Signaling that supports DL transmission
Originates at L1/L2 (no higher layer data
or messaging)
Consists of
Scheduling assignments and associated
information required for demodulation and
decoding of DL-SCH
Uplink scheduling grants for UL-SCH
HARQ acknowledgements
Power control commands
L1/L2 signaling is transmitting in first 1-3
symbols of a subframe control region
Size of control region may vary
dynamically always whole number of
OFDM symbols (1,2,3)
Signaling beginning of the subframe
Reduces delay for scheduled mobiles Three different PHY channel types
Improves power consumption for non-scheduled
mobiles 1. PCFIC (PHY Control Format Indicator
Channel)
50 2. PHICH (PHY Hybrid ARQ Channel)
3. PDCCH (PHY Downlink Control
 PCFICH
PCFICH PHY Channel Format Indicator Channel
Indicates to UE the size of the control region (1,2 or 3 OFDM symbols)
PCFICH value may be 1, 2 or 3 (0 is reserved for future use)
Decoding of PCFICH is essential for UE operation
Encoded with 1/16 repetition code
Uses QPSK modulation
Mapped to the first symbol of each subframe
16 resource elements in 4 groups of 4 (RE Groups)
Location of the resource elements depends on cell identity

Processing of PCFICH

Note: REGs of the PCFICH are spread in

51 frequency domain to achieve frequency
diversity
PHICH
PHICH = PHY Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel
HARQ acknowledgements for UL-SCH transmission
As many PHICH channels as the number of UEs in the cell
A set of PHICH channels is multiplexed on the same resource elements (8 normal
CP, 4 extended CP)
Transmitted in the first OFDM symbol of the subframe
Occupies 3 resource element groups (REGs) = 12 resource elements (RE)
PHICH response comes 4 sub-frames after PU-SCH

Processing
of PHICH
52
PDCCH
PDCCH = Physical Downlink Control Channel
Used for
DL scheduling assignments
UL scheduling grants
Power control commands
PDCCH message occupies 1,2,4 or 8 Control Channel Elements (CCEs)
CCE = 9 Resource Element groups (REGs) = 36 Resource Elements (REs)
One PDCCH carrier one message with a specific Downlink Control Information (DCI)
Multiple UE-s scheduled simultaneously -> Multiple PDCCH transmissions in a subframe

53
PDCCH DCIs
PDCCH carrier Downlink Control Information (DCI)
Multiple DCI formats are defined based on type of information
DCI formats of
Form Purpose Content PDCCH # of bits
at (FDD)
0 UL PUSCH grant RB assignment, MCS, hopping flag, NDI, cyclic shift of 44
DM-RS, CQI,
1 DL PDSCH grant for single Resource allocation header, RB allocation, MCS, HARQ, 55
code word HARQ PID,
1A Compact DL PDSCH grant Similar to format 1, but with smaller flexibility 44
of single code word
1A RACH initiated by PDCCH Localized/distributed VRB assignment flag, preamble 44
order index, PRACH message mask index
1B Compact DL PDSCH grant Similar to 1, but with distributed VRB flag, reduced RB 49
with pre-coding information allocation flexibility, transmit PMI and pre-coding
1C Very compact DL PDSCH Reduced payload for improved coverage, always uses 31
grant QPSK on associated PDSCH, restricted RB assignment,
No HARQ,
1D Compact DL PDSCH grant Same as 1, but with reduced RB allocation flexibility 49
with pre-coding information and addition of distributed VRB transmission flag.
and power offset Transmit PMI information for pre-coding, DL power
offset
2 MIMO DL grant Same as 1, but for MIMO transmission 76
2A Compact MIMO DL grant Same as 1A, but for MIMO transmission 68
54
3 2-bit UL power control TPC for 14 UEs plus 16 bit CRC 44
PDSCH

DL-SCH = DL Shared channel

Used for user data coming from upper
layers (both signaling and payload)
Optimized for low latency and high data rate
Individual steps in the processing chain
operate on data blocks enables parallel
processing
Many different adaptation modes
Modulation
Coding
Transport block size
Antenna mapping (TX diversity, beam forming,
spatial multiplexing)

55
Time/Frequency location of PBCH and
SS - FDD

PBCH = Physical Broadcast

Channel
Used for BCH transport channel
SS = Synchronization Signal
P-SS = Primary Synchronization
Signal
S-SS = Secondary
Synchronization Signal
SS are used only on Layer 1 for
system acquisition and Layer 1
cell identity

Note: PBCH and SS use innermost part of

the spectrum. This way the system
56 acquisition is the same regardless of
Time/Frequency location of PBCH and
SS - TDD

PBCH = Physical Broadcast

Channel
Used for BCH transport channel
SS = Synchronization Signal
P-SS = Primary Synchronization
Signal
S-SS = Secondary
Synchronization Signal
SS are used only on Layer 1 for
system acquisition and Layer 1
cell identity
Note: The position of the P-SS is different in
TDD and FDD. By acquiring P-SS, the UE
57
already knows if the system is FDD or TDD.
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
SCH first channel acquired by UE
Based on SCH, UE determines eNode B PHY cell identity
504 possible PHY layer cell IDs
168 groups with 3 identities per group
SCH consist of 2 signals
PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal)
3 possible PSS sequences: NID(2) = 0,1, 2
168 possible SSS sequences: NID(1) = 0,1, , 167
Cell ID: NIDcell = 3* NID(1) + NID(2)

For FDD (frame type 1)

PSS is transmitted on OFDM symbol 7 in the first time slot of subframe 0 and 5
SSS is transmitted on OFDM symbol 6 in the first time slot of subframe 0 and 5
For TDD (frame type 2)
PSS is transmitted on OFDM symbol 3 in the first time slot of subframe 1 and 6
SSS is transmitted on OFDM symbol 6 in the first time slot of subframe 0 and 5
58
PBCH
PBCH = PHY Broadcast Channel
PBCH provides PHY channel for static part
of Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
BCCH carriers RRC System Information
(SI) messages
SI messages carry System Information
Blocks (SIBs)
SI-M is a special SI that carrier Master
Information Block (MIB)

In LTE BCCH is split into two parts

Primary broadcast: Carriers MIB and provides UE
with fast access to vital system broadcast
information. Primary broadcast is mapped to PBCH
Dynamic broadcast: Carries all SIBs that contain Mapping of the BCCH
quasi-static information on system operating information
parameters. Dynamic broadcast is mapped to
PDSCH

59
PCH
PCH = Paging Channel
Transmitted over PDSCH (messages), PDCCH (paging indicator)
LTE support DRX (UE sleeps between paging occasions)
LTE defines DRX cycle
UE is assigned to P-RNTI (Paging Radio Network Temporary Identifier)
P-RNTI is set on PDCCH
UE that finds set P-RNTI reads PCH on PDSCH to determine if it is being paged
DRX cycle compromise
Long cycle: good battery life, higher paging delay
Short cycle: faster paging response, shorter UE battery life

DRX and Mapping

paging of PCCH

60
Section review
1. Explain the main idea behind
OFDM?
2. How is OFDMA different from
FDMA?
3. What is the role of cyclic prefix
(CP) in OFDM?
4. What are DL reference signals?
5. How are cell specific reference
signals linked to cells physical
identity?
6. What is the role of PCFICH?
7. What is the role of PHICH?
8. What is the channel used for user
data and higher layer signaling?
9. What is SCH?
10. What portion of the time-frequency
resources is occupied by SCH?
11. What is the duration of LTE
frame?
12. How many subframe are in LTE
frame?
13. What is the time duration of one
LTE time slot?

61
DFTS-OFDM
DFTS-OFDM = DFT Spread OFDM
Also known as s Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
Used on RL of LTE
Advantages:
Lower PAPR than OFDM (4dB for QPSK and 2dB for 16-QAM)
Orthogonality between the users in the same cell
Low complexity TX/RX due to DFT/FFT
Disadvantage:
Needs an equalizer at the Node B RX
Need for some synchronization in time domain
Note: In DFTS-OFDM,
M<N

Outline of the
DFTS-OFDM

62
DFTS-OFDM TX/RX chain

Note: the TX/RX of DFTS-OFDM is almost the same as OFDM.

The DFT pre-coding / decoding and equalization are done in
63
software
 Uplink user multiplexing
Two ways of mapping the output of the DFT
Consecutive carriers: Localized DTFS-OFDM
Distributed carriers: Distributed DTFS-OFDM
Distributed OFDM has benefit of frequency diversity

Note 1: Mapping
between output of the
OFDM and carriers is
performed by MAC
scheduler
Note 2: Spectrum
bandwidth may be
allocated in dynamic
fashion

Localized DFTS-OFDM Distributed DFTS-OFDM

64
Uplink frame format

Need for two different CP:

1. To accommodate
environments with large
channel dispersion
2. To accommodate MBSFN
(Multi-Cast Broadcast
Single Frequency
Network) transmission

Note: UL and DL frame

formats are identical

TCP: 160Ts (5.1us) for first symbol, 144Ts

(4.7us) for other six symbols
TCP-e: 512 Ts (16.7 us) for all symbols

65
 PHY channels supporting UL TX

PRACH initial random access and

UL timing alignment
PUSCH channel used for
transmission of user data and upper
layer signaling
PUCCH uplink control channel
used for scheduling requests for
synchronized UEs
PDCCH uplink scheduling grants
PHICH HARQ feedback channel
supporting UL transmission

66
 Uplink reference signals (1)

Used for uplink channel estimation

Two types of sequences
Data demodulation Reference Signal (DM-RS)
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
DM-RS
Sent on each slot transmission to help
demodulate data
Occupies center part of the slot transmission
(symbols 4) in both transmission slots
Use same bandwidth as the UL data (multiples
of 12 carrier RBs)
Properties of DM-RS sequences
Small power variations in frequency domain
Small power variations in time domain

67
 Uplink reference signals (2)

SRS
Allow network to estimate channel quality
across entire band
Used by MAC scheduler to perform
frequency dependent scheduling
Optional implementation
UE can be configured to send SRS
sequence at time intervals from 2ms to
160ms
Two modes of operation
Wideband SRS UE send the sequence across
the entire spectrum
Hopping SRS UE sends narrowband
sequence that hops across different parts of the
spectrum

68
 PUSCH

PUSCH = PHY Shared channel

PUSCH carries UL-SCH (user data/higher Example: 2 UEs, 10MHz (50 RB)
layer signaling)
During data transmission L1/L2 signaling also
mapped o PUSCH preserve single carrier TX
Resources allocated to the UE on per
subframe basis
Allocation is done in PRB (12 carriers by 1 ms)
Modulation used may be QPSK, 16-QAM or
64-QAM (optional)
Allocated PRBs may be hopped from subframe
to subframe
Two modes of hopping
Intra subframe and inter subframe
Only inter subframe
Hopping may be on the basis of explicit grants
from Node B or following predefined cell- Note: Frequency hopping provides
specific mirroring patterns
frequency diversity and
69 interference averaging for the UL
transmission
 PUCCH
PUCCH = PHY Uplink Control Channel
Used for L1/L2 signaling
Scheduling request
ACK/NACK/DTX for DL-SCH transmission
Feedback on DL channel quality (CQI/PMI/RI)
Used only when there is no scheduled
PUSCH transmission (single carrier TX)
Uses PRBs at the very end of the
allocated channel bandwidth
Increases frequency diversity
Allows scheduling of larger resource chunks for
uplink transmission
Number of PRBs is configured by the
network in a semi-static manner
Bandwidth of a single resource block in a
subframe is shared by several UEs
Economical use of allocated resources
Reduces signaling overhead Note: PUCCH performs
frequency hopping between
70 two slots of a subframe
PUCCH formats

PUCCH format Modulation Purpose Bits/subframe

1 On/off keying Scheduling requests N/A

1a BPSK ACK/NACK for SIMO 1

1b QPSK ACK/NACK for MIMO 2

2 QPSK CQI/PMI/RI 20

2a QPSK+BPSK CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NACK 21
for SIMO
2b QPSK+QPSK CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NACK 22
for MIMO

Note 1: There are 2 formats: Format 1 (1, 1a and 1b) and Format 2
(2, 2a and 2b)
Note 2: PUCCH power offset depends on the PUCCH format
71
 PUCCH Format 1
Small in size (1 or 2 bits) By using different cyclic shifts and
Used for different covers sequences, multiple
DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO users may be multiplexed on the same
Scheduling request PUCCH resource
Typically there are 6 shifts and 3 cover
sequences 18 UEs per PUCHH
resource

Note: Format 1
is repeated in
two
corresponding
slots in the
subframe
72
 PUCCH Format 2
Larger in size (20, 21 or 22 bits)
10 bits for CQI report
2 bits for ACK/NACK
Used for
DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
Scheduling request
CQI/PMI and RI information

By using different cyclic shifts of

the CAZAC sequence multiple
UEs may be multiplexed on one
PUCCH resource
Format 1 and 2 share the same
basic format

Note: for Format 2, both CQI Processing of CQI

report and ACK/NACK report
information are sent
73
 PRACH
PRACH = PHY Random Access Channel
Physical channel used in support of random
access
In LTE initial access is handled only on PHY, all
the signaling is sent through UL-SCH (PUSCH)
PRACH carries one of 64 preambles
Available preambles are signaled in SIB-2
UE selects a preamble based on the amount of
data it needs to send on UL-SCH (this way Node
B knows how to reserve resources)
PRACH preamble is sent over PRACH time
frequency resource
Occupies middle 1.08MHz of spectrum
Same spectrum regardless of total LTE bandwidth
PRACH access subframe may occur every 1, 2, 5, 10 or
20 ms (20 ms optional, only in synchronized networks)
Subframe allowed for access signaled on SIB-2,
paremeter PRACH_Configuration index UL time frequency
74
resources for PRACH
Section review
1. Why is OFDM not suitable for UL
transmission?
2. What is PAPR?
3. What is DFTS-OFDM?
4. What are two types of UL 10. What information is carried on
reference signals? PUCCH?
5. Why is there need for sounding 11. What is PRACH?
reference signals? 12. How does UE learn what
6. How often can a mobile configured preamble sequences are available
to send SRS signals? for PRACH?
7. What is PUSCH?
8. What is PUCCH?
9. What are PUCCH formats?

75
Part 3

MULTIPLE ANTENNA
TECHNIQUES

76
Multi antenna configuration
LTE uses of multiple antennas at Downlink
both communication ends MIMO
LTE standard requires support for
4 antennas at the eNodeB
2 antennas at the UE
Multiple antennas may be used in
three principle ways
Reception/transmission diversity
Beam forming
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO antenna
processing)
Downlink MIMO
TX diversity Uplink MIMO
Beam forming or SDMA
Spatial multiplexing
Uplink MIMO Note: UL MU MIMO
Multi user MIMO (SDMA) avoids use of
multiple PAs at the
77
UE
DL transmit diversity
Two implementations
Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
Space-Time Transmit Diversity (STTD)
CDD
Multiple antenna elements are used to
introduce additional versions of the
signal that are cyclically delayed
UE perceives these signals as
additional multi-paths CDD TX
Assuming low correlations between TX diversity
antennas created multi-paths fade
independently source of diversity
STTD
Uses Space-Frequency Block Codes
Special encoding (SFBC) makes the
channel matrix unitary (full rank)
Reference symbols are used to
estimate and invert channel matrix
SFBC TX
78 diversity
 TX Diversity - CDD
OFDM is robust with respect
to multi-path propagation
(within CP interval)
CDD simulates multi-path
propagation
No modification in RX signal
processing UE sees single
antenna transmission in
dispersive environment

Note: Extension of CDD to

more than 2 antennas is
straightforward. Each
antenna has its own cyclic
delay.
79 Processing in case of 2 antenna CDD
TX diversity
TX Diversity 2 TX SFBC
Data sent to different antenna are encoded using SFBC
2 symbols at the time for 2 antennas TX diversity
Open loop

SFBC in case of 2
TX diversity
r2 n h1 h2 a2 n
r h* h1* a * Hs n
2 n 1 2 2 n 1
Note 1: UE needs to have good
estimate of the channel estimate
1 h1* h2 r2 n
sn 2 2 r obtained using PHY reference
h2
*
h1 h2 h1 2 n 1 sequences
80
TX Diversity 4 TX SFBC
Data sent to different antenna are encoded using SFBC
4 symbols at the time for 4 antennas TX diversity
TX diversity operates on a resource element group (REG)
Open loop

SFBC in case of 4
TX diversity

Note 1: 4 TX SFBC diversity may

be seen as two 2 TX SFBC
diversity transmissions
multiplexed in time
81
 Spatial multiplexing
Basic idea: fading channel Capacity benefit of SM
provides uncorrelated parallel MIMO
paths for data transmission C N S
N L log 2 1 R
BW NL N
N L min N T , N R

NT - number of TX antennas
NR - number of RX antennas

12.00

10.00

8.00
Example: 2 by
6.00
2 Spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) C/W (1,1)
h h s1 n1 4.00
r 11 12 s n
C/W (1,2)

h21 h22
2.00
2 2 C/W (2,2)
0.00

s1 1r s1 H 1n
10

s Wr H s
0 20

82
2 2 S/N (dB)
 Spatial multiplexing in LTE
Two types
Open loop (used high speed scenarios)
Large delay Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
Closed loop (used in low speed scenarios)
Mobile provides channel feedback to eNode B

Feedback Closed loop spatial multiplexing Open loop spatial multiplexing

No feedback from UE. Fixed pre-coding
PMI (Pre-coded PMI feedback from UE based on
at eNode B implementing cyclic delay
matrix indicator) instantaneous channel state
diversity (CDD)
CQI (Channel
Separate CQI for each code word Aggregate CQI (one value)
quality indicator)
Based on the rank of estimated channel
RI (Rank Based on the rank of estimated channel
matrix
indicator) matrix when SFBCs are used
(indicates number of spatial channels)

Closed loop
spatial
multiplexing
83
 Code word layer mapping
LTE uses either 1 or 2 code words
Mapping between code-
Code words are mapped onto layers words and layers
1 layer for 1 codeword
2, 3 or 4 layers for 2 code words
Number of modulation symbols in
each layer is the same
Accomplished through numerous
transport-block formats and sizes
Through a pre-coding matrix the
layers are mapped onto the antennas
There is a set of pre-defined pre-coded
matrices
Through PMI, UE recommends to eNodeB
which pre-coded matrix to use
eNodeB may not follow UEs
recommendation informs UE about pre-
coding matrix through explicit signaling Note: layers are mapped to
antennas one symbol at the
84 time
Antenna configurations

Transmissi
Description Comments
on modes
Used for SISO and SIMO
1 Single antenna (Port 0)
transmission
Used in low SNR and high
2 Transmit diversity
mobility
Open loop spatial multiplexing Beneficial in high SNR and rich
3
(large delay CDD) multipath environment
Closed loop spatial multiplexing Beneficial in high SNR and rich
4
(Rank 2, 3 or4) multipath environment
Beneficial in high SNR
5 Multi-user MIMO environment for interference
reduction
Beneficial in low SNR
6 Closed loop Rank = 1
environments
Used for beam forming of
7 Single antenna port (Port 5)
antenna arrays

85
SIMO/MIMO mode selection

Note: Detection of the

environment type and best
use of MIMO/SIMO is one of
the tasks for scheduler
major differentiating factor
between different equipment
86
vendors
Section review
1. What is MIMO?
2. What is receive diversity?
3. What is transmit diversity?
4. What is beam forming?
5. What is SDMA?
11. What is the main idea behind
6. What is spatial multiplexing?
SFBC?
7. How much is capacity of link
12. What is CDD?
increased using spatial
multiplexing? 13. Explain the main idea behind
CDD?
8. What is CQI?
9. What is RI?
10. How is RI used by the scheduler?

87