Boiler Feed Water

Treatment
Kuliah PAAL
JTK FT UGM
 Daftar isi
Overview tentang boiler
Masalah-masalah yang berhubungan
dengan air di boiler
Pengolahan air untuk bfw
STEAM GENERATION
SYSTEM
Steam generation system
 Jenis-jenis boiler
Electric boilers
Fire Tube (Shell) boilers
Water tube boilers
Nuclear reactor boilers
Electric
boilers
BOILER WATER SIDE
PROBLEMS
 Air umpan boiler
Masalah-masalah dalam sistem
boiler, terkait dengan air umpan
boiler:
Corrosion
Deposition
Carryover
BOILER FEED WATER
Persyaratan air umpan
boiler
 General purpose water
treatment

(From Spellman, F.R., Spellmans Standard Handbook for Wastewater

Operators,
Vol. 1, Technomic Publ., Lancaster, PA, 1999.)
 Water Softening
III. Methods of Softening
A. Lime-Soda Ash Chemistry
1. 1st Stage Treatment (Lime only)
a. Carbon Dioxide Removal (< 8.3 pH)
* CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
b. Carbonate Hardness Removal
* Ca + 2HCO3 + Ca(OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O(pH 8.3-9.4)
* Mg + 2HCO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Mg + CO3 + 2H2O(pH >10.8)

c. Magnesium Hardness Removal (>pH 10.8)

* Mg + CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2
* Mg + SO4 + Ca(OH)2 Ca + SO4 + Mg(OH)2
2. 2nd Stage Treatment (Soda Ash)

* Ca + SO4 + Na2CO3 Na2SO4 + CaCO3

* Ca + Cl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl
 IV. Chemical Analyses Interpretations
A. Calcium Alkalinity = Ca Hardness or T. Alkalinity whichever is smaller

B1. Magnesium Alkalinity = Mg. Hardness if T. Alkalinity > or = than total hardness

B2. Magnesium Alkalinity = Total Alkalinity calcium hardness if total alkalinity is > than
calcium hardness but less than total hardness.
C. Sodium alkalinity = total alkalinity total hardness
D. NCH = Total Hardness Total Alkalinity ( If Mg Alkalinity present then no Ca NCH)

Analyses Water #1 Water #2 Water #3

Total Hardness 300 300 300
Calcium 200 200 200
Hardness
Mg Hardness 100 100 100
Total Alkalinity 150 250 350
Interpretations Water #1 Water #2 Water #3
Calcium 150 200 200
Alkalinity
Mg. Alkalinity None 50 100
Sodium None None 50
Alkalinity
Ca N.C. 50 None None
Hardness
 Water Softening
V. Theoretical versus Practical
A. Theoretical Solubility of Ca & Mg:
Mg(OH)2 = 9 mg/L Solubility
CaCO3 = 17 mg/L Solubility
Total = ~ 26 mg/L Solubility

B. Practical Minimum Total Hardness = 50 to 80 mg/L

Example: Calculate the hydrated lime (100%), soda ash, and carbon dioxide requirement to
Reduce the hardness of a water with the following analysis to about 50 to 80 mg/L by the excess
Lime-soda ash process.
Analyses: Total Hardness = 280 mg/L as CaCO3
Mg++ = 21 mg/L
Alkalinity = 170 mg/L as CaCO3
Carbon Dioxide = 6 mg/L

Lime Requirement: Carbon Dioxide = (6) (56) / (44) = 8

Alkalinity = (170) (56) / (100) = 95
Mg ++ = (21) (56) / (24.3) = 48
Excess Lime = = 35
Total CaO required = 186mg/L

Soda Ash Requirement: NCH = 280 170 = 110 mg/L

Soda Ash (Na2CO3) = (110) (106) / (100) = 117 mg/L
Water softening
Ion exchanger
Demineralization Options
Base exchange softening
Dealkalization
Demineralization (ion exchanger)
Deaeration
Deaerator