KIN TRC MY TNH

Ni dung
Cc kin thc c bn v my tnh
Cu trc
Hot ng
Kho st hot ng cc thnh phn
B vi x l
B nh
Tp lnh
Lp trnh hp ng
Assembly
 Ti liu tham kho
Tm tt bi ging
Ti liu trong cc bui hc
Structured Computer Organization
Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall,1999
Bn dch: Gio Trnh cu trc my tnh Tng
Vn On NXB Gio dc, 2000
The Essentials of Computer Organization
and Architecture Jones and Bartlett
Publisher,2003 (e-book)
Lp trnh Hp ng
 Yu cu
T hc
Hc nhm
Khuyn khch cu hi
Kim tra
Trn lp 10%
Gia k 20%
Cui k 70%
Cm thi
Ln 1: 3 ln vng mt
Ln 1 & 2: 5 ln vng mt
Any question???
 Thng tin lin h
GV V Hong Hi
T: 8405996 Vn phng khoa
CNTT
Email:
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vohoanghai@tut.edu.vn
 Chng 1

GII THIU CHUNG

 Ni dung chng 1
1.1. My tnh v phn loi
1.2. Kin trc my tnh
1.3. S tin ho ca my tnh
 My tnh
My tnh (Computer) l thit b in t
thc hin cc cng vic sau:
Nhn thng tin vo,
X l thng tin theo dy cc lnh c nh
sn bn trong,
a thng tin ra.
Dy cc lnh nm trong b nh yu
cu my tnh thc hin cng vic c th
c gi l chng trnh (program)
My tnh hot ng theo chng trnh.
 M hnh my tnh c bn
CPU
Control
Processing
input output
Memory
M hnh phn lp ca my tnh
 Phn loi my tnh
Phn loi truyn thng:
My vi tnh (Microcomputer)
My tnh nh (Minicomputer)
My tnh ln (Mainframe Computer)
Siu my tnh (Supercomputer)
Phn loi my tnh hin i
My tnh bn (Desktop Computers)
My ch (Servers)
My tnh nhng (Embedded Computers)
 My tnh bn
L loi my tnh ph bin nht
Cc loi my tnh bn
My tnh c nhn (Personal Computer PC)
My tnh trm lm vic (Workstation
Computer)
1981: IBM gii thiu my tnh IBM-PC s
dng b x l Intel 8088
1984: Apple a ra my tnh Macintosh
s dng b x l Motorola 68000
Gi thnh: 300USD n 10.000USD
 My ch (Server)
Thc cht l my phc v
Dng trong mng theo m hnh
Client/Server (Khch hng/Ngi
phc v)
Tc v hiu nng tnh ton cao
Dung lng b nh ln
tin cy cao
Gi thnh: hng chc nghn n
hng chc triu USD.
 My tnh nhng
(Embedded Computer)
c t trong thit b khc iu
khin thit b lm vic
c thit k chuyn dng
V d: . in thoi di ng . Biu
khin trong my git, iu ho nhit
Router -b nh tuyn trn mng
Gi thnh: Vi USD n hng trm
nghn USD.
 Ni dung chng 1
1.1. My tnh v phn loi
1.2. Kin trc my tnh
1.3. S tin ho ca my tnh
 Kin trc my tnh
Bao gm hai kha cnh:
Kin trc tp lnh (Intruction Set Architecture):
nghin cu
my tnh theo cch nhn ca ngi lp trnh.
T chc my tnh (Computer Organization): nghin
cu cu trc phn cng my tnh.
Kin trc tp lnh thay i chm, t chc my
tnh thay i rt nhanh.
V d: Cc my tnh PC dng cc b x l Intel 32-bit
t 80386 n Pentium 4:
Cng chung kin trc tp lnh (IA-32)
C t chc khc nhau
 Kin trc tp lnh
Tp lnh
Tp hp cc chui s nh phn m
ho cho cc thao tc m my tnh c
th thc hin.
Cc kiu d liu
Cc kiu d liu m my tnh c th
x l.
 Cu trc c bn ca my tnh
B x l trung tm (CPU):
iu khin hot ng ca my tnh v x l d liu.
B nh chnh (Main Memory):
Cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang c s
dng.
H thng vo ra (Input/Output System):
Trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi bn ngoi.
Lin kt h thng (System Interconnection):
Kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia cc
thnhphn vi nhau.
 S cu trc c bn

B x l trung tm B nh chnh

Lin kt h thng

H thng vo ra
 Ni dung chng 1
1.1. My tnh v phn loi
1.2. Kin trc my tnh
1.3. S tin ho ca my tnh
S tin ho ca my tnh
 S tin ho ca my tnh
Th h th nht: My tnh dng n
in t chn khng (1943-1955)
Th h th hai: My tnh dng
transistor (1956-1965)
Th h th ba: My tnh dng vi
mch SSI, MSI v LSI (1966-1980)
Th h th t: My tnh dng vi
mch VLSI, SLSI (1981-nay)
 ENIAC
Nng 30 tn
Kch thc 140 m2
18000 n in t v 1500 rle
5000 php cng/giy
X l theo s thp phn
B nh ch lu tr d liu
Lp trnh bng cch thit lp v tr ca
cc chuyn mch v cc cp ni.
 My tnh Von Neumann
Cn gi l my tnh IAS
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
c bt u t 1947, hon thnh 1952
Do John von Neumann thit k
c xy dng theo tng chng
trnh c lu tr (stored-program
concept) ca von Neumann/Turing (1945)
 c im chnh ca my tnh IAS
Bao gm cc thnh phn:
n v iu khin (CU)
nhn lnh t b nh, gii m v thc hin lnh mt cch
tun t,
iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b vo-ra.
n v s hc v logic (ALU)
thc hin cc php ton vi s nh phn.
b nh chnh
cha chng trnh v d liu.
c nh a ch theo tng ngn nh, khng ph thuc
vo ni dung ca n.
cc thit b vo ra.
Tr thnh m hnh c bn ca my tnh.
 Cc my tnh thng mi
1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
1950s - UNIVAC II
Nhanh hn
B nh ln hn
IBM International Business Machine
1952 IBM 701 . My tnh lu tr chng trnh u
tin ca IBM . S dng cho tnh ton khoa hc
1955 IBM 702 . Cc ng dng thng mi
 My tnh dng transistor
My tnh PDP-1 ca DEC
(Digital Equipment Corporation)
my tnh mini u tin
IBM 7000
Hng trm nghn php cng / giy
Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao ra i.
 My tnh dng vi mch
SSI, MSI v LSI
Vi mch (Integrated Circuit IC): nhiu
transistor v cc phn t khc c tch hp
trn mt chip bn dn.
SSI (Small Scale Integratinon)
MSI (Medium Scale Integration)
LSI (Large Scale Integration)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) (dng cho
my tnh h th t)
Siu my tnh xut hin: CRAY-1, VAX
B vi x l (microprocessor) ra i
B x l u tin Intel 4004 (1971).
 Lut Moore
Gordon Moore - ngi ng sng lp Intel
S transistors trn chip s gp i sau 18 thng
Gi thnh ca chip hu nh khng thay i
Mt cao hn, do vy ng dn ngn hn
Kch thc nh hn dn ti phc tp tng ln
in nng tiu th t hn
H thng c t cc chip lin kt vi nhau, do
tng tin cy
 My tnh dng vi mch VLSI
Cc sn phm chnh ca cng ngh VLSI:
B vi x l (Microprocessor): CPU c ch
to trn mt chip.
Vi mch iu khin tng hp (chipset): mt
hoc mt vi vi mch thc hin c nhiu
chc nng iu khin v ni ghp.
B nh bn dn (Semiconductor Memory):
ROM,RAM
Cc b vi iu khin (Microcontroller): my
tnh chuyn dng c ch to trn mt chip.
Cc h thng my tnh hin i
My tnh nhng
My tnh c nhn (PC)
My trm lm vic
My ch (Servers)
Mng my tnh
Internet - Mng my tnh ton cu