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HARVESTING IN IRAN
Acknowledgement
Through the means of PowerPoint presentation
slides, we students of Batch 2011-15, Civil
Engineering Department, MANIT, have made a
small effort to study the employed techniques
in the field of Rainwater Harvesting in IRAN. We
express gratitude towards our respective
professor Dr. Ruchi Khare,
NAME Civil Engg. Dept,
OF STUDENT SCH.NO
Mayank Mishra 111111037
MANIT for guiding us to complete the
Tarun Bhatia 111111038
assignment.
Tarun Solanki 111111039
Palash Jain 111111040
Thank you
Deepak Munda 111111041
Why do we need water harvesting?
Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not a
single man's greed.
-Mahatma Gandhi
Water scarcityis the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the
demands of water usage within a region. According to United Nations Development
Programme, this currently affects around 2.8 billion people around the world, on all
continents, at least one month out of every year and more than 1.2 billion people lack
the access to clean drinking water.
Over-consumption/excessive or unnecessary use of resources, Overpopulation,
Slash and burnagricultural practices indeveloping countries, Technologicaland
industrialdevelopment, Erosion, Habitat degradationleads to the loss ofBiodiversity
(i.e.speciesandecosystemswith itsecosystem services), Irrigation, Miningfor oil and
minerals, Aquiferdepletion, Pollutionor contamination of resources are the major
factors responsible for the eminent water crisis.
ANATOMY OF RAINWATER
HARVESTING
SO WHAT IS THE SOLUTION?.........
Arid and semi-arid regions occupy more than 80 percent of Irans land. The average annual
precipitation is estimated to be 250 mm and the range varies from 50 mm in some parts of the central water
basin to more than 1600 mm in some coastal areas near the Caspian Sea. Meanwhile with respect to the average
annual precipitation in the world with average rainfall of more than 830 mm, Iran is classified among the semi-
arid and arid countries.
High density, short duration rainfall often generates destructive floods. At
present in many parts of the country, the water levels have been falling rapidly. The
demand for drinking water is also has been increasing manifold in the last three decades
due to rapid increase in the population.
THUS, Meeting the water demand is a major challenge in Iran.
Rivers and Water
Resources
Water Resource Potential of Iran
According to studies carried out for formulation of the Iran Water
Comprehensive Plan, the main characteristics of annual precipitation and its
conversion to water resources are shown
Annual Water Resources in Billion Cubic Meters (BCM)
400 BCM Average annual precipitation
130 BCM Renewable water resources
270 BCM Average annual evaporation & transpiration
92 BCM Surface currents
38 BCM Seepage to alluvial aquifers
Water Consumption
FRESHWATER CONSUMPTION
At present Iran is using 70% of the
t total
renewable freshwater while u
due to the international norms the u
upper limit should be 40% of renewable freshwater; it means that the
remain unexploited renewable fresh water is only 30 % total fresh water
resources including environmental basic needs.
. MAJOR CHALLENGES AND TRENDS IN IRANIAN
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
One of the items in Iran's water resources development plan is the control
and regulation of water resources through dams. In accordance to the ICOLD
identification of large dams, the country has over 220 large dams in operation
and also more than 85 dams under construction which totally control over
46.4 billion cubic meters of country's water resources.
DAMS UNDER OPERATION
Total Capacity
32 30
(BCM)
Regulating Volume
46.4 10
(BCM)
SOWMA
Bandar is composed of a small stream that conducts water from Ephemeral River toBandsars
inner part. This decreases water speed and supplies soil moisture. In the method, natural
location of floodwater spreading is formed on alluvial fans. Bandsar is allot or pond formed by
embankment construction in direction of water flow. So flood is taken, water is retained until
infiltrated.Bandar has a very simple construction. It is made of the following parts:
A shallow water drainage (ephemeral stream called Kale)
A check-dam made of river sediment called Tarkehband Embankment (the main wall of the
dam)
Some parallel subsidiary walls for balancing water spreading called Mewband
A waterway for overflow of water called Goushband
Bandsars covers different areas e.g. 1000 square meters in valleys to 30 ha in low slope
lands.
Thank you for your attention