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individual to another.
Examples are, Height, Weight, Temperature etc.
called Measurement.
Scale is the Device to measure the level or Degree of
characteristics.
1. Nominal Scale
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval Scale
4. Ratio Scale
scale.
This makes it a higher level of measurement than the nominal scale because the
ordinal scale allows for the categorization of a variable and its relative
One way to think about ordinal data is by using the concept of greater than or
less than, which incidentally also highlights the main weakness of ordinal data.
Measurement Scales
Interval and ratio scales are the two types of metric measurement scales,
and are quantitative in nature.
Collectively, they represent the most sophisticated level of measurement
On either the Fahrenheit or Celsius scale, zero does not represent a complete
degrees.
measurement.
The properties of the ratio scale are identical to those of the interval scale,
except that the ratio scale has an absolute zero point, which means that all
This is an example of an absolute zero point. Unlike with interval scale data,
Ten dollars is 10 times more than 1 dollar, and 20 dollars is twice as much as 10
dollars. If we have 100 dollars and give away half, we are left with 50 dollars,
Ratio data is the highest level of measurement and allows for the use of
Cross-Sectional Data.
Uni-Variate Data.
Scale.
Data based on nominal scale or variable is called nominal data.
.
Conversion of Data From one Form into Another
Quantitative Data can be converted into Categorical Data using Cut Off
Values.
B.P 90 mm Hg marked as 1
B.P 90 mm Hg marked as 2
Tall ( 65 Inch) 3
True/Absolute No No No Yes
Zero
Quality of Data
It tells us how the data is free from Error, when it was collected from
Patients.
Incomplete history provided by the patient.
Incorrect Diagnosis.
The main sources for collection of medical or health related data are as:-
1. Experiments/Trials
2. Surveys/Observations
3. Record/Registration
4. Clinical Practices
5. External Sources
No. 1 and 2 are specially applied to gather data required for some specific
purposes but No. 3 provides ready made data for routine and
continuous information.
Sources of Data
effectiveness of the treatment. When human beings are involved, experiment is called
Trial.
Clinical Practice:- is a source of medical data, like taken during medical history, present
condition and patients are involved then this practice is called Clinical Trial.
External Sources:- data from sources other than the medical like environment
of data.
Data is mostly collected on sample basis.
It can be collected as
6. Electronic Media
Collection of Secondary Data
1. Government Offices
2. Semi-Government Offices
3. Newspapers
4. Universities
5. Technical/Trade/Economic/Commercial Journals.
Some Common Statistical Terms
x= X1+X2+X3Xn.
A/B , e.g. let there are 200 males and 300 females,
the ratio of males to females is 200/300.
Ratio= A/B