equivalence and fault dominance Fault collapsing The number of faults that need to be simulated can be decreased by exploiting two relations between a pair of faults fi and fj : a) Fault equivalence b) Fault dominance Collapsed Ratio Many of the faults are removed due to fault equivalence and fault dominance. Collapsed ratio is the ratio of remaining faults and total number of faults. Collapsed ratio : (Total Faults Fault removed) / Total fault. Fault equivalence Definition : Two faults of a Boolean circuit are called equivalent iff they transform the circuit such that the two faulty circuits have identical output functions. Equivalent faults are also called indistinguishable and have exactly the same set of tests. Example: An input line s-a-0 and output line s-a-0 in an AND gate. Fault equivalence Two faults fi and fj in a circuit are said to be equivalent if the corresponding faulty versions of the circuit are identical. In other words all tests that detect fi also detect fj.
Number of fault sites in a gate-level circuit =
PI(primary inputs) + #gates + # (fanout branches)
An n-input Boolean gate requires only (n+1)
instead of (2n+2) single stuck-at faults to be modeled because of equivalent fault collapsing. Fault equivalence : example
Stuck-at-0 at output of AND gate is
equivalent to stuck-at-0 at the input pins.
So, while testing we can remove
the 2 stuck-at-0 fault at the input pins, since these two fault will be Equivalent fault collapsing for Boolean gates Fault equivalence : circuit
Fault deleted due to equivalent fault
collapsing Collapsed ratio : 16/30 = 0.533 Fault dominance Definition : If all tests of fault F1 detect another fault F2, then F2 is said to dominate F1. The two faults are also called conditionally equivalent with respect to the test set of F1. When two faults F1 and F2 dominate each other, then they are equivalent. Fault dominance Let T, be the set of all tests that detect a fault g. We say that a fault f dominates the fault g iff f and g are functionally equivalent under T. In other words, iff dominates g, then any test t that detects g. Fault dominance : Example A 3-input AND gate. fi -> s-a-1 fault in one input of the gate fj -> s-a-1 in the gate output Tests for fi -> 011 Tests for fj -> 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 Thus, fj dominates fi . Fault dominance : circuit example