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Introduction
In prestressed concrete applications, most important variable is
the prestress.
Prestress does not remain constant (reduces) with time.
effective value.
In other words, loss in prestress is the difference between initial prestress and
Loss of prestress is a great concern since it affects the strength of member and
iii. Friction between tendon and tendon duct, and wobble Effect
Time
Immediate
Dependent
Elastic Anchorage
Friction
Shortening Slip
Prestressing
bed
Pre-tensioning of a member
Elastic Shortening
Post-tensioned Members: complete operation of post-tensioning
through various stages by animation
Duc
Anchorag t jack
e
Casting bed
Post-tensioning of a member
Linear elastic relationship is used to calculate the strain from the
stress.
Quantification of the losses is explained below.
fp=Epp
=Epc
=Ep(fc/Ec)
fp= mfc
For simplicity, the loss in all the tendons can be calculated based
on the stress in concrete at the level of CGS.
This simplification cannot be used when tendons are stretched
sequentially in a post-tensioned member.
Anchorage Slip
In most Post-tensioning systems when the tendon force is
transferred from the jack to the anchoring ends, the friction
wedges slip over a small distance.
Anchorage block also moves before it settles on concrete.
P Es
A L
where, = Slip of anchorage
L= Length of cable
A= Cross-sectional area of the cable
Es= Modulus of Elasticity of steel
P = Prestressing Force in the cable.
Frictional Loss
In Post-tensioned members, tendons are housed in ducts or
sheaths.
If the profile of cable is linear, the loss will be due to
straightening or stretching of the cables called Wobble Effect.
If the profile is curved, there will be loss in stress due to friction
between tendon and the duct or between the tendons themselves.
Friction
Post-tensioned Members
Friction is generated due to curvature of tendon, and vertical
component of the prestressing force.
5
Friction
Post-tensioned Members
P0 Px
Px Poe kx
where, Po= Prestressing force at the jacking end
= Coeficient of friction between cable and the duct
Cumulative angle in radian through which
the tangent to the cable profile has turned
between any two points under consideration
k = Friction coefficient
Time Dependent Losses
Creep of Concrete
Time-dependent increase of deformation under sustained load.
Due to creep, the prestress in tendons decreases with time.
Factors affecting creep and shrinkage of concrete
Age
Applied Stress level
Density of concrete
Cement Content in concrete
Water-Cement Ratio
Relative Humidity and
Temperature
For stress in concrete less than one-third of the characteristic
strength, the ultimate creep strain (cr,ult) is found to be
proportional to the elastic strain (el).
cr,ult = el
IS: 1343 considers only the age of loading of the prestressed
concrete structure in calculating the ultimate creep strain.
The loss in prestress (fp ) due to creep is given as follows.
fp = Ep cr, ult =Ep el
Since cr,ult = el
Ep is the modulus of the prestressing steel
fp = Ep sh
0.002
For post-tensioning =
Log 10(t 2)
Geometric Properties
1. Commonly used Notations in prestressed member are
. Ac = Area of concrete section
I = MoI of prestressed member = Second moment of area of gross section about CGC.
e = Eccentricity of CGS with respect to CGC = Vertical distance between CGC and
CGS. If CGS lies below CGC, e will be considered positive and vice versa
Load Variables
A linear elastic relationship is used to calculate the strain from the stress.
The quantification of the losses is explained below
For simplicity, the loss in all the tendons can be calculated based
on the stress in concrete at the level of CGS.
This simplification cannot be used when tendons are stretched
sequentially in a post-tensioned member.
Elastic Shortening
difference between the initial strain in steel (pi) and the residual
p0 c
P0
Since the wires are distributed above and below the CGC, the
losses are calculated for the top and bottom wires separately.
Stress at level of top wires (y = yt = 125 40)
Here,
fc1 = stress in concrete at the end of the member
fc2 = stress in concrete at the mid-span of the member.
A more rigorous analysis of the loss can be done by evaluating the
strain in concrete at the level of the CGS accurately from the
definition of strain. This is demonstrated for a beam with two
parabolic tendons post-tensioned sequentially.
In Fig. 7, Tendon B is stretched after Tendon A. The loss in Tendon
A due to elastic shortening during tensioning of Tendon B is given as
follows.
Here,
c is the strain at the level of Tendon A.
The component of c due to pure compression is represented as c1.
The component of c due to bending is represented as c2.
The two components are calculated as follows.
Here,
A = cross-sectional area of beam
PB = prestressing force in Tendon B
Ec = modulus of concrete
L = length of beam
eA(x) = eccentricities of Tendons A, at distance x from left end
eB(x) = eccentricities of Tendons B, at distance x from left end
I = moment of inertia of beam
L = change in length of beam
The variations of the eccentricities of the tendons can be
expressed as follows.
Here,
ym = displacement of the CGS at the centre of the beam from the ends
L = length of the beam
x = distance from the stretching end
y = displacement of the CGS at distance x from the ends.
An expression of (x) can be derived from the change in slope of
the profile. The slope of the profile is given as follows.
Here, x = + kx denotes the total effect of friction and wobble. The plot of
Px gives the force variation diagram.
The initial part of the force variation diagram, up to length lset is influenced
by the setting of the anchorage block. Let the drop in the prestressing force at
the stretching end be P. The determination of P and l set are necessary to
plot the force variation diagram including the effect of the setting of the
anchorage block.
Considering the drop in the prestressing force and the effect of reverse
friction, the magnitude of the prestressing force at a distance x from the
stretching end is given as follows.
Here, for reverse friction is analogous to for friction and wobble. At the
end of the setting length (x = lset), Px = Px
T
P = 2P0lset
The following equation relates lset with the anchorage slip s.
Therefore,
The term P0 represents the loss of prestress per unit length due to
friction.
The force variation diagram is used when stretching is done from
both the ends. The tendons are overstressed to counter the drop
due to anchorage slip. The stretching from both the ends can be
done simultaneously or in stages. The final force variation is
more uniform than the first stretching.
Force variation diagrams for stretching in stages
The force variation diagrams for the various stages are explained.
a) The initial tension at the right end is high to compensate for the
anchorage slip. It corresponds to about 0.8 fpk initial prestress. The
force variation diagram (FVD) is linear.
b) After the anchorage slip, the FVD drops near the right end till
the length lset.
c) The initial tension at the left end also corresponds to about 0.8
fpk initial prestress. The FVD is linear up to the centre line of the
beam.
d) After the anchorage slip, the FVD drops near the left end till
the length lset. It is observed that after two stages, the variation of
the prestressing force over the length of the beam is less than
after the first stage.
Example
A four span continuous bridge girder is post-tensioned with a
tendon consisting of twenty strands with fpk = 1860 MPa. Half
of the girder is shown in the figure below. The symmetrical
tendon is simultaneously stressed up to 75% f pk from both ends
and then anchored. The tendon properties are Ap = 2800 mm2, Ep
= 195,000 MPa, = 0.20, K = 0.0020/m. The anchorage slip s =
6 mm.
Calculate
a) The expected elongation of the tendon after stretching,
b) The force variation diagrams along the tendon before and after
anchorage.
13.7 13.7 3 3.7 15.2
15.2 3.7
Solution
Initial force at stretching end
0.75fpk = 1395 MPa
P0 = 0.75fpk Ap
= 3906 kN
The continuous tendon is analysed as segments of parabola. The
segments are identified between the points of maximum eccentricity
and inflection points.
The inflection points are those where the curvature of the tendon
reverses. The different segments are as follows: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5,
5-6, 6-7 and 7-8.
0 X
The change in slope from the origin to the end of the parabola is
same as the slope at the end of the tendon which is = 2e/L,
where
L = length of the segment
e = vertical shift from the origin.
For segments 2-3 and 3-4 and subsequent pairs of segments, the
following property is used.
For the two parabolic segments joined at the inflection point as shown
in the sketch above, the slope at the inflection point
= 2(e1 + e2)/L.
Here,
e1 = eccentricities of the CGS at the span
e2 = eccentricities of the CGS at the support
L = length of the span
L = fractional length between the points of maximum eccentricity
The change in slope between a point of maximum eccentricity and
inflection point is also equal to .
The change in slope () for each segment of the tendon is calculated
using the above expressions.
The value of + kx for each segment is calculated using the
given values of , k and x, the horizontal length of the segment.
Since the loss in prestress accrues with each segment, the force at
a certain segment is given as follows.
b) The force variation diagrams along the tendon before and after
anchorage
After anchorage, the effect of anchorage slip is present up to the
setting length lset. The value of lset due to an anchorage slip s = 6
mm is calculated as follows.
The quantity P0 is calculated from the loss of prestress per unit
length in the first segment. P0 = (3906 3718) kN /13.7 m = 13.7
N/mm. The drop in the prestressing force (p) at each stretching
end is calculated as follows.
Thus the value of the prestressing force at each stretching end after
anchorage slip is 3906 424 = 3482 kN. The force variation
diagram for lset = 15.46 m is altered to show the drop due to
anchorage slip.
The force variation diagrams before and after anchorage are shown
below. Note that the drop of force per unit length is more over the
supports due to change in curvature over a small distance.
Creep of Concrete
Creep of concrete is defined as the increase in deformation with
time under constant load. Due to the creep of concrete, the prestress
in the tendon is reduced with time.
The creep of concrete is explained in Section 1.6, Concrete (Part
II). Here, the information is summarised. For stress in concrete less
than one-third of the characteristic strength, the ultimate creep
strain (cr,ult) is found to be proportional to the elastic strain ( el).
The ratio of the ultimate creep strain to the elastic strain is defined
as the ultimate creep coefficient or simply creep coefficient .
The ultimate creep strain is then given as follows.
IS:1343 - 1980 gives guidelines to estimate the ultimate creep
strain in Section 5.2.5. It is a simplified estimate where only
one factor has been considered. The factor is age of loading of
the prestressed concrete structure. The creep coefficient is
provided for three values of age of loading.
Curing the concrete adequately and delaying the application of
load provide long term benefits with regards to durability, loss of
prestress and deflection. In special situations detailed calculations
may be necessary to monitor creep strain with time. Specialised
literature or international codes can provide guidelines for such
calculations.
The loss in prestress (fp ) due to creep is given as follows.
fp = Ep cr, ult
Here, Ep is the modulus of the prestressing steel.
The following considerations are applicable for calculating the
loss of prestress due to creep.
1) The creep is due to the sustained (permanently applied) loads
only. Temporary loads are not considered in the calculation of
creep.
2) Since the prestress may vary along the length of the member, an
average value of the prestress can be considered.
3) The prestress changes due to creep and the creep is related to
the instantaneous prestress. To consider this interaction, the
calculation of creep can be iterated over small time steps.
Shrinkage of Concrete
Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the contraction due to loss of
moisture. Due to the shrinkage of concrete, the prestress in the
tendon is reduced with time. The shrinkage of concrete was
explained in details in the Section 1.6, Concrete (Part II).
IS:1343 - 1980 gives guidelines to estimate the shrinkage strain
in Section 5.2.4. It is a simplified estimate of the ultimate
shrinkage strain (sh). Curing the concrete adequately and
delaying the application of load provide long term benefits with
regards to durability and loss of prestress. In special situations
detailed calculations may be necessary to monitor shrinkage
strain with time. Specialised literature or international codes can
provide guidelines for such calculations.
The loss in prestress (fp ) due to shrinkage is given as follows.
fp = Ep sh
Here, Ep is the modulus of the prestressing steel.
Relaxation of Steel
Relaxation of steel is defined as the decrease in stress with
time under constant strain. Due to the relaxation of steel, the
prestress in the tendon is reduced with time. The relaxation
depends on the type of steel, initial prestress (fpi) and the
temperature. To calculate the drop (or loss) in prestress (fp), the
recommendations of IS:1343 - 1980 can be followed in absence of
test data.
Example
A concrete beam of dimension 100 mm 300 mm is post-
tensioned with 5 straight wires of 7mm diameter. The average
prestress after short-term losses is 0.7fpk = 1200 N/mm2 and the
age of loading is given as 28 days. Given that Ep = 200 103
MPa, Ec = 35000 MPa, find out the losses of prestress due to
creep, shrinkage and relaxation. Neglect the weight of the beam
in the computation of the stresses.
Solution
Area of concrete A = 100 300
= 30000 mm2
Moment of inertia of beam section
I = 100 3003 / 12
= 225 106 mm4
Area of prestressing wires,
Ap = 5 (/4) 72
= 192.42 mm2
Prestressing force after short-term losses
P0 = Ap.fp0
= 192.4 1200
= 230880 N
Modular ratio m = Ep / Ec
= 2 105 / 35 103 = 5.71
Stress in concrete at the level of CGS
P P
+
+ = +