:1

) ( .
) -( .
) -(.
) , ,)
) , ,(
F1 , ,.
F1 :

173 , , 31 . , , 165 . ,,
24 . , , 168 . , , 28 . ,,
176 . , , 35 . , ,.

) ( ) ?

) ?
 : ;AA aa
: ;BB bb
: ;DD dd

:\\ * \\
P: aaBBDD * AAbbdd
a B D XA b d
a B D A b d

F1: AaBbDd
a B D
A b d
) , ,(

\\ ) * ( 1F\\
AaBbDd * aabbdd
 \\ ) * ( 1F\\
AaBbDd * aabbdd

173\\
31\ \
165\\
24\\
168\\
28\\
176\\ -
35\\

, .

) ( m.u 50 -
 A) -B - (:
165+24+168+28x100 = 48 m.u
800
B) -D - (:
31+165+168+35x100= 49.9 m.u
800
A) D - (:
31+24+28+35x100= 14.75
800

A D B
.
 :

- :
31 , ,.
24 , ,.
28 , ,.
35 , ,.

:
"
"

" 118 :" 800

:
118/800= 0.1475
.14.75%
 : ;BB bb
: ;WW ww
: ;CC cc

:\\ * \\
P: BbWwCc * bbwwcc
? ? ? Xb w c
? ? ? b w c

:
B W c ,

b w C ,
 , :

- .d.c.o-
.B W C d.c.o- , :

C -
B C W :

B BC) -C - -bc (:
48+2+44x100 = 9.4 m.u
1000
C CW) -W - -cw (:
67+69+2x100= 13.8 m.u
1000
B bW) W - -Bw (:
69+44+48+67x100= 22.8 m.u
1000
 B:W-
[69+44+48+67+2)]*100= 23 m.u
1000

B m.u 13.6 c m.u 9.4 W

d .c.o _ ob
C.O.C
d .c.o _ ex

=C.O.C= 0.156 2 =
0.136 x 0.094x 1000
 B:W-
[69+44+48+67+2)]*100= 23 m.u
1000

d .c.o _ ob
C.O.C
d .c.o _ ex

:\\ * \\
P: BbCcWw * bbccww
B c W Xb c w
b C w b c w

:
:
B c W b C w
, , .
 10
"


)( ,
, .
-
.

) - (gene pool
.

.

'
'

aa )(aa + Aa + AA

) (A p-
) (a q-
 500 , :
AA Aa aa
# 100 350 50
100/500=0.2 350/500=0.7 50/500=0.1

:
.1 ' :
p(A)0 = (2xAA)+(1xAa) = 2x100+350 =0.55
x 2 # 1000
p+q=1 ,

.
1000 q(a)0 = (2xaa)+(1xAa) = 2x50+350 =0.45
2x #
.2 :
x 0.7= 0.55 = 0.2( Aa +( p(A)) = AA) +
x 0.7= 0.45 = 0.1( Aa +( q(a)) = aa) +
:

:
= p2 + 2pq + q2 1

= (p + q)2 = 1
 :

A, 0.55 a, 0.45
A, 0.55 AA, (0.55)2 = 0.3025 Aa, 0.450.55 = 0.2475
a, 0.45 Aa, 0.450.55 = 0.2475 aa, (0.45)2 = 0.2025

p(A)1 = 0.3025 + 0.495 = 0.55

q(a)1 = 0.2025 + 0.495 = 0.45

, !!
?F2
:
p2, 2pq, q2

-!!
 -
, ) (Panmixes

.1
.2 p2 (AA) , 2pq (Aa) , q2 (aa) :
.1-

,
!!
 " ?HW
.2
). (number of genotypes number of alleles

O E (O-E)2/E

100 5000.3025 = 151.25 17.36

350 5000.495= 247.5 42.4485

50 5000.2025 = 101.25 17.36

Sum=500 Sum=500 2=77.1685

A, 0.55
. H0 "
a, 0.45
) 1 df = (genotypes-2 alleles 3 .3.841
AA, (0.55)2 = 0.3025 Aa, 20.450.55 = 0.495 aa, (0.45)2 = 0.2025
, , .
 2 0.920
pq2 .90.9102
9.8107
.1 ) (a 1/1,000,000 - .
-.

. ?
" 1/1,000,000 q2-
) (q 0.001

. ?
) (p q=1-0.001=0.999-1

. ?
, .

 pq 120.920
2 .90.910124.95104
. ?
X
X .
 .2 :
AA Aa aa

0 I 0.25 0.30 0.45

II 0.37 0.08 0.55

- ?

HW .
.

)p(A )q(a p2 = AA 2pq= Aa q2 = aa

I
I 0.4 = 2/ 0.30 +0.25 0.6 0.16 0.48 0.36

II 0.41 = 2/ 0.08 +0.37 0.59 0.1681 0.4838 0.3481

)p(A )q(a p2 = AA 2pq= Aa q2 = aa

I 0.4 = 2/ 0.48 +0.16 0.6 0.16 0.48 0.36
II

II = 2/ 0.4838 +0.1681 0.59 0.1681 0.4838 0.3481

0.41
 .3 .X- 10 5 , ,
15 .

. ?

15 . 2 -
." 30 -
.
XAY 15/30 = 0.5
.

XAXA = 5/30 = 0.167

XAXa = 10/30 = 0.333

10 XaY x 10 XAXA 5 XAY x 5 XAXA

10 XAY 5 XAY
10 XAXa 5 XAXA
 . ?

P= (p+2p)/3=(5/15+2*15/15)/3=0.778 :1
Q=0.222

:2 , . 45=30+15
" 10 ) 10 ( .q=10/45=0.222 , p=0.778 :

-
XaY- 0.222 x = 0.111
XAY- 0.778 x = 0.389
, p2, 2pq, q2

-
XAXA = p2 = (0.7782)2 = 0.605 x = 0.303
XAXa = 2pq = 2x 0.222 x 0.778 = 0.345 x = 0.173
XaXa = q2 = (0.2222)2 = 0.049 x = 0.025
 .4 361 - :

M MN N
305 52 4

. " -?
2 " .HW
2 " HW
O E (O-E)2/E 2 305 52
p(M ) 0.9167
2 361
305 361p2=303.36 0.0089
52 3612pq=55.13 0.2417 q (N) = 1-p = 0.0833
4 361q2=2.505 0.892
Sum=361 360.995 2=1.1426

Df =(Genotypes-Alleles)=3-2=1
3.841
3.841>1.1425
.
 . 77.7%- ,O .A
" ?NO, MNO, MA
MN, p(M)=0.9167, q(N)=0.0833
):(A,O

q2 (O) = 0.777 q (O) = 0.8815 p(A) = 1-q = 0.1185

= 5.410-3 q(N)2q(O)2 = 0.083320.88152NO

MNO 2p(M)q(N)q(O) 2 = 20.91670.08330.88152 = 0.1187
MA A :
( p(A)2+ 2p(A)q (O) p(M)2 { = }2)0.9167 (0.11852 0.187)=0.88150.11852+