Ann-VII - Structure Repairs Bihar

Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation In Low
Strength Masonry
Buildings
Presentation From TSG

Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Low Strength Masonry Building is Laid
in
Fired brick work in clay & mud
mortar
Random rubble ; Uncoursed,
Undressed stone masonry in weak
mortars made of cement-sand , lime-
sand & clay-mud.
Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation
Component Of Low Strength Masonry Building:
Foundation
Flooring
Brick/ Stone Columns
Brick Work
Stone Masonry
Wood Work
Slab
Slopping Wooden frame Roof
Plaster
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Life Of Structure Depend Upon:
A. Geography Of Location
B. Building Material
C. Technology
D. Workmanship
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
A . Geography Of Location:
Type of Strata
Water Table
Earth Quack, Wind, Cyclone, Flood,
Snow
Pollutant
Land Slide
Tree location w.r.t. building
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
B . Building Materials
Cement
Lime
Fine Sand
Coarse Sand
Coarse Aggregate
Quality of Water
Bamboo/Wood
Brick
C. Technology
Architectural Design
Structural Design Based On Load
Bearing Wall
Construction Methods
Quality Practices
Construction Management
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
D Workmanship
Structural Work
Finishing Work
Water Proofing Work
Development of Drainage (Internal &
External)
Maintenance Of Building
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Building Needs Repairs & Retrofitting
Crack & Spalling In Structural Members
Crack & Settlement In Flooring
Crack & Spalling in Non Structural Members
Leakage In Water Supply & Drainage
System
Redesigning existing structure for nature
forces
Changed functional requirements
Crack & Spalling In Structural Members
Cracks Occur Due To Settlement In
Foundation
Cracks Due To Earth Quack ,Wind
Crack Due To Overloading Of Structure
Crack Due To Reduction in Load Carrying
Capacity of Structure Due To Weathering
Crack Due To Improper Design Of Structure
Crack due to Poor connection Of Structural
Members Resulted From Poor Workmanship
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Crack & Settlement In Flooring
Due To Improper Plinth Filling
In case of black cotton soil in foundation not
replaced up to sufficient depth by Good Soil
under plinth (For generating enough Counter
weight upon black cotton soil)
Water Table vary within the Plinth Sub base (this
occur in frequent flooding area & near sea soar)
Improper curing, Improper laying, Poor Quality
of workmanship.
Improper design for loading i.e. thickness &
type of flooring.
Crack & Spalling in Non Structural
Members
Crack In Plaster
Crack In Finishing
Crack In Water Proofing Work
Vertical cracks in long boundary wall
due to thermal movement Or
Shrinkage.
Crack Induced due to thermal
changes, change in moisture content
in building material, Chemical
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Leakage In Water Supply & Drainage
It may result from structural cracks &
settlement
Improper selection of pipe thickness
Improper selection of Supports & its spacing
to Pipe
Improper making Of joints
Non Provision for contraction & expansion
(Particularly when pipe is passing over
different type of long structures)
Non Testing of Pipe before & after laying
Insufficient soil cover over pipe
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Redesigning existing structure to meet functional
requirement as well as forces generated by Nature
It is a comprehensive task & require planning which
include following Information gathering.
Field investigations including details of sub strata,
foundation details
Type of Existing structure & its members stability
Design Data Collection
Identification of components required to be
strengthened, replaced.
Cost Estimates (it is feasible up to 60% of new
construction)
Method or Procedure to be fallowed.
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Crack Investigation
Location
Profile (vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal)
Crack Size throughout length (Width,Depth &
length)
Thin crack< 1mm
Medium Crack >1 to 2 mm
Wide Crack > 2 mm
Crack may be non-uniform width. i.e. Tapper in
width(narrow at one end & wider at other end. )
Static or Live cracks
Cracks are static or live, is monitored
& recorded by Tell-TaleWidening
methodOf
Crack
Crack
in
wall
Quick
Crack in Markin
setting
Glass g in
mortar or
strips Glass
Adhesive Glass strips of 2 to
3 C.M. in width &
10 to 12 C.M.in
length
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
These Crack occur

around opening
due to drying
shrinkage &
thermal
movement in a
building resulting
Expansion &
thickening of roots
creating concentration
of stress at joints &
weak locations such as
The long horizontal crack resulted due
to deflection of slab and lifting up of
edge of the slab, combined with
horizontal movement in the slab due to
shrinkage.
This Cracks are due to pull exerted on the wall by the slab
because of drying shrinkage and thermal contraction this
pull results in bending of the wall which causes cracking
at a weak section, that is, at the lintel or sill level of the
window openings. Such cracks generally occurs when
windows and room spans are very large. This cracks can
Construction Details Of Bearing Of R.C.C.
Roof Slab Over a Masonry Wall
Concrete
12 mm Brick
Fillettiles or Cement
Gap ,3/4 mortar with chequer
filled with grove finish
First Course Of
Mastic parapet masonry
Compound is thicker than
the wall By half
12 mm wide Brick
groove in
plaster
Slip Joint(two or three
layer of tarred paper are
placed over plastered
Thickness of
plaster is to much
high & silt content
is also Very High
Longer
opening & less
bearing &
deteriorated
lintel load
capacity
exposes
diagonal crack
which is
widened
towards corner
wall edge.
Vertical crack
under window
occur when wall
have large window
opening & little
wall space on both
side of opening.
Difference in
stress due to more
stress in wall
portion adjoining to
window & less
stressed portion
Cantilever
Chajja not
having main
bars on upper
face
When two adjacent walls shake in different
directions, their joint at corners comes under a
lot of stress. This causes crack at the junction
of two walls.
In Normal conditions,
cracks in this location
comes when one of
wall expand more than
short wall.
When the long wall bends outward or
inwards vertically in the middle of its
length, this stretching causes tension and
causes vertical cracks in the walls.
Similarly when the walls bends outward or
inwards horizontally in the middle of its
height, this stretching causes tension and
causes horizontal cracks in the walls. This
happens at the base of gable wall.
Many times the wall gets pulled from its corners.
This results in to tearing of wall in diagonal
direction. In the wall if there is a window or a door,
then the diagonal crack occur at their corners.
Flexural Tension Cracks At Lintel Level Due to
Shrinkage & contraction of R.C.C. Slab
If the window is very large or if there are
many doors and windows in a wall, then it
tears even more easily in an earthquake.
Many times the roof slides on top
of the walls on which it is sitting on
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Structural Repairs
Load Bearing Walls: PROCEDURE IN
NEXT SLIDE
CRACK IN
BRICK
PLACING OF RCC
BLOCK AFTER
CUTTING HOLE IN
B.W.
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Repairing Of Crack Due To Structural Cause
Replace all cracked bricks
Use R.C.C. Stitching Block In Vertical Spacing
In Every 5th or 6th Course ( 0.5 meter apart ).
Stitching block
Width=equal to wall width,
Length = 1.5 to 2 bricks,
Thick =1 or 2 bricks as per severity of
cracks
Mortar For Repairs 1:1:6 (1 Cement :1 lime:
6 sand)
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
load bearing walls(May be Brick or Stone) have
inbuilt deficiency.
Each Brick have different strength
Thickness of Mortar Joints are not also uniform.
Bricks are not perfectly laid horizontally &
vertically
Opening in walls
Improper staggered joints
Use of unwanted Brick bats
1. These resulted in cumulative effect &
concentration of stress in particular section of
wall is more than other section.
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Corrective Measures For Load Bearing Wall
Building
Therefore Shifting of Window, Door ,Inbuilt
construction of Almirah should be carried out
with due consideration to IS code 13828:1993
Proper Bearing to lintel over brick work to
avoid diagonal cracks & it can be done in
retrofitting work.
It is advisable to keep window width as less as
feasible while height can be increased with
fixed glass pans on top portion as per slide 41.
Importance Factor(I) Depend Upon
Functional Use Of Structures
Hazardous Consequences Of Its
Failure
Post Earthquake Personal needs
Historical Value
Economic Importance
ISchool
value Building
Zone Have I
II value=1.5
III IV V
1.5 Building Retrofitting C D E E
need
Elevation : Distance b1 to b8 changes as
per Building l 1
Retrofitting
l 2
Need b8
3 t
h3 b
b b b b
6 7
1 2 3
2 h 2 b 1 2 h
1
2 4 2
b h
b b
5
1 b b
4 5
4 4
Table :Size, Position Of Opening In
Above Figure
Description Building Retrofitting Need/Category
A,B,C D
`b6 230 mm 600 mm
(Minimum)
(b1+b2+b3
)/l1 0.46 ( For one 0.42 ( For one
; (b6+b7)/l2
Storeyed Building ) Storeyed Building )
= 0.37 ( 2 & 3 storeyed 0.33 (2 & 3
storeyed Building)
`b4 450 mm 500 mm
`h3 Building)
600 mm 600 mm
(minimu
m)
`b8 900 mm 900 mm
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Strengthening Of Window When Its
Position Is
10
6

3
0
0
7 15
5 0
Windo
6@ X
w X
150Not As Per Table Above Slide No 42.
Two Nos
HYSD
Bars
Section X-X
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Strengthening Arrangements Recommended For
low Strength Masonry Building
b = Lintel Bend
C = Roof Bend, Gable bend
d = Vertical steel at corners & junctions of wall
f = Bracing in plan at tie level of Pitched Roofs
g = Plinth band
For Building of Category B in two storey
constructed with stone masonry in weak mortar,
provide vertical steel of 10 mm dia in both
storey.
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Strengthening Arrangements
Recommended For Elements of low
StrengthNumber
Building Masonry
Of Building
Strengthenin
Categor Storey Allowed g To Be
y Provided
A One, Two, Three `b, c ,f ,g
storey
B One & Two `b, c ,f ,g
Storey
Three Storey `b, c, d, f, g
C One storey `b, c ,f , g
Two & three `b, c, d, f, g
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Seismic wave propagation increases
as height of wall/structure increases.
Seismic wave expansion pushes
bricks of corner of wall out of
building.
Movement of Seismic wave through
joints of similar or dissimilar
component of building ,makes joint
open, resulting in falling of
component of the building.
Possibility For Old Masonry Structures
Strength
Plinth Belt in lieu of plinth band
Lintel level belt in lieu of band
Roof level/ gable level band
Corner steel
Shape, Size & location of Window
In Wall
Wall length to Height Ratio
Reinforced band on top of gable wall
It will reduce bending of gable wall
In long walls introduce buttress
to strengthen it.
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Low Strength Masonry Building Retrofitting
For Brick Masonry Structure
Height of the building in B.W. shall be restricted to
the following.
1.
For retrofitting category of building A,B,C up to3
storey with flat roof or 2 storey plus Attic for pitched
roof.
2.
For category D up to 2 storey with flat roof or one
storey plus Attic for pitched roof.
where each storey height shall not exceed 3.0 m.
Cross wall spacing should not be more than 16
times the wall thickness CONTD.
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
3. Minimum wall thickness in brick masonry
shall be one brick for one & two storey
construction, while in case of three storey,
the bottom storey wall thickness is one &
half brick.
4. Use brick from kiln only after 2 weeks
when work is in summer & 3 week when
work in winter.
5. Use leaner mortar preferably also adding
lime for repairing cracks in particular& in
masonry in general. It can be
1:1:6,1:2:9,1:3:12 as per need.
Structure Repairs &
For Rehabilitation
Stone Masonry
Height of the building in Stone Masonry shall be
restricted to the following
1.
For retrofitting category of building A,B,2 storey
with flat roof or 1 storey plus Attic for pitched roof .In
case cement sand mortar 1:6, the building up to 2
storey plus Attic for pitched roof.
2.
2. For category C,D 2 storey with flat roof or 2
storey plus Attic for pitched roof with Cement sand
mortar or 1 storey plus Attic for pitched roof with
lime- sand or mud mortar.
CONTD.
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
3. Maximum wall thickness
in stone masonry shall be 450
mm & preferably 350 mm. ,
Each storey height shall not
exceed 3.0 m and span of
walls between cross wall is
limited to 5.0m
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Cross wall connection In steps
SECOND
LIFT
600 mm
600 mm
FIRST LIFT
Wall to wall joints are to be made
by building wall ends in steps form
Vertical reinforcement within the masonry in
corners increases walls capacity to withstand
Horizontal cracks due to bending.
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
In Each Layer Staggered Toothed Joint
Y A B
X PLAN230
mm A B
Elevation
Showing Vertical
115 mm
Joints In
Staggered Layer
450 mm
230
mm
View-X At A-A View- Y At B-
Recommended Longitudinal steel in
Reinforcement Concrete Bends
Span of Building Building Building Building
Band Category Category Category Category
Between C D E
Cross
Wall B
In MM No. Dia No. Dia. No. Dia. No. Dia.
Of . Of Of Of
Bars MM Bars MM Bars MM Bars MM
5 or 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 10
Less
6 2 8 2 8 2 10 2 12
Spacing Of Tor Ring/Links 6 mm @ 150 mm Or 8
7 2 8 2 10 2 12 4 10
mm @ 200 mm
8 2 10 2 12 4 10 4 12
Bands Thickness vary 75 mm for 2 bars & 150 mm
Steel Profile In Band At Corner &
Junction
Lap=
50
Stagger
ed
Pair of Bonding
450
Elements stone with
length= A. Wood Plank
of wall ( 38x38x450
mm) thickness
1200 B. R.C.C. Block
(50x50x450 & 8
1200
mm) 1200
C. 8 or 10 mm
Hook
or S shape bent
Bar
900 mm For Second

Plan showing Through Stone
Height
600 mm For First
Through stone = Bonding Element
Height
S shaped steel rod placed in a through hole
in random rubble wall and fully
encased in concrete
Pair of
450
stone with
length=
of wall
thickness
1200

1200 1200
CL
Plan showing Center bar in Casing

Casing in every 0.6 m is lifted & M15 or
Mortar 1:3 is Compacted around bar.
Cross
X bracings at
Three Nails ends of
5 drilled room
in member
made by
splitting B
bamboo in
two part
Half Split Bamboo Ties To Rafter
Brace the Rafter to 50 mm Dia Bamboo (B)
Seismic Bend & Rafter should be tied Properly
Diagonal tying on the upper or underside
of the roof Prevents roof from getting
distorted and damaged
Installing multiple strands of galvanized iron
wires pulled and twisted to pretension
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
Vertical steel at corners and junction of
walls up to 350 mm thick should be
embedded in plinth masonry of
foundations, bands, roof slab as per table
Nos Of Store Diameter Of H & D Single HYSD Bar in mm
Storey y at each critical Section (for above 350 mm,
increase bar dia proportionally
Category C Category D
One -------- Nil 10

Top 10 10
Two Botto 10 12
m
Top 10 10
Middl 10 12
3/4B
One Brick Thick One & Half Brick

Thick
-------- Contain One Bar At Centre
Seismic Belts & closing a opining with
pockets made in jams of masonry.
Pocke
ts
Encasing masonry column in cage of steel
rods and encased in micro concrete.
Anchoring the roof rafters and trusses with steel
angles or other means
Weld mesh belt approximately 220mm wide all
around the openings and anchored to masonry
wall and encased in cement mortar
Vertical deformed steel encased in concrete
bar from foundation to roof, anchored to both
masonry walls at wall junctions with special
connectors.
Seismic belt in lieu of Seismic Band is made of
weld mesh approximately 220mm wide anchored
to masonry wall and encased in cement mortar.
Use smaller glass panes for windows Prevents
the shattering of glass in earthquake and
cyclone
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation Anchoring roof to
wall &, reducing roof overhangs,
prevent the roof from getting blown off
Prolonged flooding can weaken the mortar,
especially if it is mud mortar, and hence,
the wall, causing cracking in walls or collapse.
If the ground is sandy in which the foundation is
sitting, then high speed flood/surge water can scour
the land around and under the foundation of your
school, leading to settlement and/or cracking of the
wall.
Simple erosion of wall near its bottom, or
cracking, plaster peeling off and settlement
in floor.
Leaking Roof Too small

Deficient bearing More Projection
Than
length of lintels One Story
Building
Door &
Window
Opening
to large Exposed walls
without plaster or
Openings Pointing
to closer
to corner Vertical
Lack Of Joint
foundation & Without
Wall to high & too Unbroken joint at
Mortar
Extensive cracking of walls caused by
differential settlement due to flood
High plinth level to avoid entering flood
Use of
If thatch is used, cover with pilasters
waterproof mud plaster strengthen
Use band s walls
Projected below roof against
Roof Max m
truss/rafte flowing
0.5 m
Opening r water
1.2 m From
Buttress
Corner
in long Waterpro
wall
Damp of mud
proof at plaster or
Foundation
Plinth & cement
Low
plinthheight wall
Maximum 8 times plaster
Good bonding
Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation
This Presentation was focused on Low Strength Masonry
Buildings therefore for framed structures & rich cement
mortar building ,certain slides are in-valid. In next
Presentation this balance portion will be highlighted.
This Presentation was aiming to provide some technical
input to site peoples so that we could point out any
doubtful detailing in drawings to Structural/Architectural
Designer.
It is possible that features of Flood, Heavy Rain fall,
Cyclone, earth quack may collide but We have to look
priority of our geographical requirement.
Thank You

Ann-VII - Structure Repairs Bihar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ann-VII - Structure Repairs Bihar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Structure Repairs &

Presentation From TSG

These Crack occur

900 mm For Second

Plan showing Center bar in Casing

One -------- Nil 10

One Brick Thick One & Half Brick

Leaking Roof Too small

You might also like