EUKARYOTIC GENE

STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
Complex gene structure
Large genomes (0.1 to 10 billion bp)
Exons and Introns
High abundance of repeat sequence and pseudo
genes
Nested genes: overlapping on same or opposite
strand or inside an intron
Pseudogenes non functional genes
Tandem genes sequences are repeated tandemly
EUKARYOTIC GENE STRUCTURE
1) recognition region ( 50 kb)
2) transcription initiation site
3)UTR - untranslated region
4) translation initiation
5) alternating exon/intron, splice donor and
acceptor sites
6) translation stop site
7) polyadenylation signal
8) transcription stop site
 EXONS
Coding sequences
Size is 150 nucleotides
exonrefers to both the DNA sequence within a gene
and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts
exons contain part of theopen reading frame(ORF)
that codes for a specific portion of the
completeprotein
exons will be wholly or part of the 5' untranslated
region (5' UTR) or the3' untranslated region(3' UTR)
of each transcript
KEY SEQUENCES- FUNCTIONAL GENES
Pol II RNA promoter elements

Cap and CCAAT region

GC and TATA region

Kozak sequence (Ribosome binding site-
RBS)
Splice donor, acceptor and lariat signals
Termination signal
Polyadenylation signal
POL II PROMOTER ELEMENTS
 Cap Region/Signal

n CAGTn G
TATA box (~ 25 bp upstream)

TATAAAn G C C C
CCAAT box (~100 bp upstream)

TAG C C AAT G
GC box (~200 bp upstream)

A T A G G C G nGA
 KOZAK (RBS) SEQUENCE
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
AG C C AC C AT G G
OTHER SEQUENCES:

Polyadenylation signal
A A T A A A or A T T A A A
Located 20 bp upstream of poly-A
cleavage site
Termination Signal
AGTGTTCA
Located ~30 bp downstream of poly-A
cleavage site
INTRONS
Stretches interrupting coding area
Intervening sequences
Intron also copied to RNA, resulting extra
large RNA
Introns of RNA is chopped
Help to produce different but related
proteins from same gene (ternative splicing)
TYPES OF INTRONS
Group I
in chloroplast and mitochondria
9 Stem loop structure
Variable length
Group II
Fungal mitochondria, eubacterial genome
and chloroplast
6 stem loop domains
Group III
In protists plastids
short