Tropical Fruits

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

2
 1

3
 2-9

4
 Tropical fruit plants

1. Drought
sistant
2. Semi-drought
sistant
3. High humid zone

5
Tropical environments

1. Solar radiation
2. Temperature
3. Day-length
4. Rainfall

6
1. Solar radiation
light intensity day-length
sun height latitude
cloudiness season
Latitude (o) Regions Insolution (cal/cm2/d)
50-60 Temperate 50-450
Med. Sub-tropical .-750
23.5 Tropical 200-450
0 Equator 400-450
Plant adaptation - planting season

- plant density
7
2. Temperature
Season Solar radiation Altitude
10.40 oC N-hemisphere
28.30 oC Equator
40.10 oC S-hemisphere
Diurnal temperature = day vs. night temperature
Plant adaptation
- Temperate pl. in tropic zone. vernalization
- Tropical pl. in temperate zone. frost injury

8
 3. Day-length
Latitude Season
0..24 hrs. N-hemisphere 21
June
9..15 hrs 23.5 oN
12..12 hrs. Equator
159 hrs. 23.5 oS
240 hrs. S-hemisphere
22 Dec.
Plant adaptation critical day-length
SDP = Short Day Plant LDP = Long Day Plant
DNP = Day Neutral Plant
9
4. Rainfall
Global pressure Wind system
2,000 mm/yr rain forest
woodland
sparse savanna
arid sahal
500 mm/yr desert
Plant adaptation - irrigation
- rainfall

10
 1

11
 2

12
 Agriculture in the tropics
1. Wet equatorial climates
5 N 5 S
2.Alternately wet and dry tropical
climates
or monsoon climates
5 15 N and 5 15 S
2.1 xxxxx00xxxxx 2.2 xx00000000xx
2.3 xxxxxx000000 2.4 xx0000000000
xxxx
= wet
0000 = dry 13
 Agriculture in the tropics (conti.)
3. Dry tropical climates of the
ontinental
tropical air mass source regions
15 30 N 15 30 S
4.Wet climates of tropical windward
oasts
Caribbean
5.Dry climates of tropical and subtropical
west coasts
14
15 30 N 15 30 S
 3 3
4
2 5
1
2
3 5 3
5

Figure 1 Map of the tropical regions

15
 Importance

1. Utilization
type - table or dessert,
- cooking,
- processing

16
 Importance (conti.)

2. Food value
- moisture, calorie, carbohydrates,
proteins, fats,
- acids, minerals, vitamins, fibre,
enzymes

17
 Importance (conti.)
3. Export
- mango, rambutan, durian,
pineapple
- sweet sop, banana, tamarind,
sapodilla, coconut, santol, jackfruit,
passion fruit
- pineapple, rambutan, banana
- coconut
18

1. (.)
91-95

80-90

19
 ( )
2. ( )
314
200-300
100-200

20
 ( )
3. (.)
2-4

4. (.)
50-80
30-50

21
 ( )
5. (.)
5-6
2-4
6. (.)
2-3

1-2

22
 ( )
7. (.)
141
50-100
8. (.)
164
50-100

23
 ( )
9. (.)
2-3
1-2

10. ()
6,000
1,000

24
 ( )
11. 1 (.) 0.1-0.01 1.3
12. 2 (.) 0.1-0.01 1.19
13. (.)
200-300
100-200
14. (.)
1.0-1.5

25
 Processing fruit products
1. Canned 1.1 fruits in light/heavy syrup 1.2 fruits in
brine
2. Frozen 2.1 frozen fruit (whole) 2.2 frozen
flesh
3. Jam
4. Puree
5. Juice type 1 ready to drink 2 concentrated
form 1 aseptic package 2 frozen
6. Dried 6.1 dehydrated (many level) 6.2
sweetened
by sugar or honey, salted, etc.

7. Miscellaneous 26
7.1 fruit candy
 Origin (Vavilov, 1949)
1. Ethiopia - banana
2. Mediterranean region - olive
3. Asia Minor, Caucasus, Persia - fig, pomegranate, date
lm
4. Afghanistan, Turkestan, N.W.India - watermelon
5. Indo-Burma - mango, jackfruit, marian plum
6. Siam, Malaya, Java - mangosteen, durian, banana,
eadfruit
7. China - mulberry
8. Mexico, Guatemala - guava, musk melon, papaya,
podilla
9. Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia -papaya, sweet sop,
erimoya

10. S-Chile - strawberry 27
12 2 4
3 7
8 5
1
6
9
11

10

Figure 2 Origin of tropical fruit plants

28
 Evolution
1. Chance seedling = seedage +
ection
2. Introduction
species, varieties, characters
3. Mutation = spontaneous, induced
4. Breeding
interspecific breeding,
ervarietal breeding, self-
ompatibility, heterogeneity
29
 Production
1. Improved quantity
yield/unit area, fruit drop by wind, total yield
2. Improved quality
standard size and quality (keeping, storage,
shipping)
3. Post-harvest technology
harvesting index, grading, packaging,
transportation
4. Pest control
5. Chemical residue
6. Improved varieties
30
 3 types
of fleshy fruit
31
 4 types of dry fruit

32
 Variety
< subspecies similarities
distictness true-to-type
1. Botanical variety =

- Malay apple; Eugenia malaccensis

L.
- Malay apple;

E. malaccensis var. purpurea Hook.
2. Horticultural variety =

Mangifera indica L.

Kent,
var. Sensation, Golek
Carabao, 33
 DOA Varieties
1. ordinary, common, landrace
arieties

=
2. registered varieties =

3. certified varieties =
4. recommended varieties =

34


35
 Propagation
1. sexual
monoembryony .. zygotic seedling
polyembryony zygotic seedling + nucellar
seedling
2. asexual
SC
rootage cutting, layering
IS
graftage inarching, budding, grafting
top working RS
double working
scion, cion = SC =

interstock, intermediate stock = IS =
36
 Physiology
1. Development
1.1 pre-maturation
1.2 maturation
physiological maturation
pre-maturation, maturation, maximum growth

commercial maturation
pre-maturation, maturation, over-maturation,
ipening

2. Ripening
highest palatability
3. Senescence 37
 Maturity index
1. Physical changes
firmness, skin colour, size, shape, bloom, force
2. Chemical changes
TSS (Total Soluble Solids)
TA (Titratable Acidity)
TSS : TA, sugar, starch, C2H4, CO2
3. Environments
day-degree, daylength-degree,
days after blooming, days after fruit setting
38
 Post-harvest physiology
Tropical fruits perishable goods
Damage 5-25 % in developed countries
20-50 % in developing countries
Living tissues minimized metabolism
temperature control field heat
relative humidity. 85-95 % R.H.
1. respiration
senescence, weight loss
2. ethylene production
ripening hormone, senescence
3. chemical changes
chlorophyll, carbohydrates, TSS : TA
39
 Diseases
1. In nursery
- collar rot, root rot .. Sclerotium sp., Phytophthora
palmivora

- leaf blight . Rhizoctonia sp.

- anthracnose . Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides

40
 Diseases (conti.)
2. In field
- leaf blight . Rhizoctonia sp.
- powdery mildew . Oidium spp.
- sooty mold . Meliola sp., Capnodium sp.
- pink disease . Corticium salmonicolor
- Phytophthora stem rot, twig rot, fruit rot, leaf
blight
Phytophthora palmivora
- algal disease . Cephaleuros virescence
- Panama disease .. Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense
- leaf spot, Sikatoga . Mycosphaerella musicola
- gummosis . Botryodiplodia theobromae
- bacterial leaf spot . Pseudomonas mangiferae

41
 Diseases (conti.)
3. Post-harvest
- anthracnose . Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides
- fruit rot . Botryodiplodia theobromae,
Phomopsis sp., Aspergillus
niger

42
 (anthracnose;
Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)

43
 (anthracnose;
Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)
44
 (anthracnose;
Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)

45
 (anthracnose;
Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)
46
 (anthracnose;
Colletotrichum
gleosporioides)
47
 ,
(leaf blight; Rhizoctonia
spp.)

48
 (leaf blight; Rhizoctonia
sp.)

49
 (powdery mildew; Oidium
spp.)
50
 (sooty mold;
Meliola sp; Capnodium
sp.)
51
 (root rot; Phytophthora
palmivora; Sclerotium sp.)

52
 (collar rot; Phytophthora
palmivora; Sclerotium sp.)

53
 (stem rot; Phytophthora
palmivira)
54
 (fruit rot)

55
 (leaf spot)

56
 (gummosis;
Botryodiplodia theobromae)

57
Phytopthora Colletotrichum
sp. sp.

(die back)

58
 (Panama disease;
Fusarium oxysporum f.
cubense)

59
 (leaf spot; Sigatoka
disease; Mycosphaerella musicola)

60

(bacterial wilt)

61
 (bacterial wilt)

62
 (algal disease;
Cephaleulos virescence)

63
 (mosaic virus)

64
 (mosaic virus)

65
 (ring spot)

66
 Insects

67
 (mealy bug)

68


69
 (aphids)

70
 (soft scales)

71
 (mango hopper)

72
 (thrips)

73
 (thrips)

74
 (red spider
mites)
75


76
 (leaf eating weevil)

77
 (oriental fruit fly)

78


(grass hopper)

79
 (termite)

80


81


(root weevil) (stem weevil)

82
 (fruit borer)

83
 (seed borer)

84

(bark borer)

(bark borer)

85


86
 (fruit borer)

(leaf miner)

87


88


89


90