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Chapt-1-Cấu Tạo Nguyên Tử-hệ Thống Tuần Hoàn Các Nguyên Tố Hóa Học
Chapt-1-Cấu Tạo Nguyên Tử-hệ Thống Tuần Hoàn Các Nguyên Tố Hóa Học
GENERAL
CHEMISTRY
GV: TS. HONG MINH HO
E-mail: haohm@hcmute.edu.vn
Hc phn c 7 chng:
Chng 1: Cu to nguyn t v h
thng tun hon cc nguyn t
ha hc
Chng 2: Lin kt ha hc
Chng 3: Nhit ng ha hc
Chng 4: ng ha hc
Chng 5: Cn bng ha hc
Chng 6: Dung dch
Chng 7: in ha hc
CHNG 1
CU TO NGUYN T
&
H THNG TUN HON CC
NGUYN T HA HC
TI LIU THAM KHO
Nng lng (En) ca electron
c lng t ha
1 1 c
E hv 13, 6 2 2 eV
n1 n2
1 1
E hv 13, 6 2 2 eV
n1 n2
c
1.1.2. Tnh cht sng-ht ca ht vi m
nh sng c tnh cht nh nguyn: Sng Ht
c=x
(x): Hm sng
V(x): Th nng
m: khi lng ht
E = Nng lng
(x,y,z): Hm sng
V(x,y,z): Th nng
m: khi lng ht
H ta cu:
(r, , ): Hm sng
V(r): Th nng
m: khi lng ht
H ta cu
Hm bn knh R(r) ph thuc vo s lng t chnh (n) v s
lng t orbital (l)
n = 1, 2, 3,
l = 0, 1, 2,,(n-1)
Cc orbital s c i xng cu
Orbital 1s
Cc orbital p khng c i xng cu
Cc orbital d
1.1.5. ngha cc s lng t
a) S lng t chnh n (principal quantum number)
n = 1, 2, 3,
Nng lng En
Trong nguyn t n l s
lp electron
b) S lng t moment gc orbital l (orbital angular
quantum number)
l = 0, 1, 2,, n-1; l xc nh hnh dng v tn orbital nguyn t
ml c (2l+1) gi tr
d) S lng t t spin ms (spin magnetic quantum number)
Electron c momen ng lng ring. Momen ng lng
ni ti ny c gi tr Ms
Phn lp 3p6
n=3
l=1
ml = -1, 0, +1
ms = 1/2
ml -1 0 +1
Electron ngoi cng v electron cui cng
Electron lp
ngoi cng
Electron
cui cng
n=3
l=1
ml = +1
ms = +1/2
1.1.6. Nguyn t nhiu electron
b: hng s chn
Z* = Z-b Z: in tch thc s
b) Nng lng electron
c) Mc nng lng ca cc phn lp
1s <2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s <
4f 5d < 6p < 7s < 6d 5f < 7b
d) Nguyn l Pauli
Trong mt nguyn t khng th c hai (hay nhiu) electron c 4
s lng t (n, l, ml, ms) nh nhau
Qui tc Klechkovsky:
ng Sai
Qui tc Hund gii thch c cu hnh bt thng ca
Cr, Cu, Ag
Bn Khng bn
3d10 3d9
4s1 4s2
NH LUT TUN HON V
c) Mi hng c gi l mt chu k
Nhm
Chu k
a) Chu k
3
Chu k ln: Chu k 4, 5, 6 v 7
6 Lantanit
7 Actinit
b) Nhm
Cc nguyn t c tnh cht tng t c tp hp thnh ct
dc, mi ct l mt nhm
Nhm chnh (A)-8 nhm: Ct 1, 2 v cc ct t 13 n 18,
nh s t IA n VIIA
A A
Nhm ph (B)-8 nhm: nh s t IIIB n VIIB, tip
theo l IB v IIB. Nhm VIIIB gm 3 ct
B
Xc nh v tr ca nguyn t trong bng HTTH da vo cu
hnh electron
Tng s electron l s th t ca nguyn t trong bng
HTTH
S lp electron l s th t ca chu k
Nguyn t phn nhm chnh A: s th t nhm bng tng s
electron lp ngoi cng
Nguyn t phn nhm ph B: S th t nhm bng tng s
electron trn phn lp s v d ngoi cng
Tng electron phn lp: (s) + (d) = 8, 9, 10: Nhm VIIIB
(s) + (d) = 11, 12: nhm IB v IIB
V d: Nguyn t Canxi (Z=20): 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
S th t l 20, Chu k 4, nhm IIA, kim loi
1.2.3. Qui lut bin i tnh cht ca cc nguyn t
Tnh kim loi gim
Tnh phi kim tng
Tnh kim loi tng
Tnh phi kim gim
Chu k 3: Lp th 3 3s23p6
Chu k 4: Phn lp 3d ang xy dng v hon thnh,
l cc nguyn t d
Chu k 5: 4d105s25p6
Chu k 6: 4f145d106s26p6
Chu k 7: 5f146d107s27p6
Nhn xt:
A (IA EAA)
A (IA EAA)
Nguyn t F c IF ln v EAF m s c m in ln
hn nguyn t Na c INa nh v EANa t m
Da vo s khc nhau v m in ca 2 nguyn
t, c th bit phn trm c tnh ion trong mt lin
kt ha tr