Hand Warmer Design

Challenge
By: Shannon, Bella, Sawyer, Leo, Nolan
The Goal
To create an effective, safe, environmentally effective, and inexpensive hand warmer
using one of the following salts:

lithium chloride (LiCl)

sodium acetate (NaCHO)

calcium chloride (CaCl)

sodium chloride (NaCl)

sodium carbonate (NaCO)

ammonium nitrate (NHNO)

Questions
Which chemicals are we using?

How can we safely mix the chemicals that we are using?

How much of each material do we need to use?

How much is our hand warmer going to cost?

How much will we sell these for?

Tests
We decided to use Lithium Chloride after conducting salt tests

Trial One Trial Two Trial Three

T Tf T Tf T Tf

18.5 25 19.2 27.1 20.1 33.4

Our salt testing for lithium chloride in Celsius

For each trial we used:
3 grams of LiCl
50 mL of HO
Avg T: 9.2
Calorimeter Constant
Trial #1 Trial #2 Trial #3 Trial #4

Initial temp 21.2 21.6 21.3 22.5

of cold water
(C)

Initial temp 61.6 66 50.4 49.4

of hot water
(C)

Final temp 43.2 38.7 33.6 38.5

of mixture
(C)
Find the Calorimeter Constant 1/2
Enthalpy change of cold water Equations used
qcold=100g x 4.18 x (enthalpy) cold water qhot= -qcold - qcal

qcold=100g x 4.18 x 16 degrees qcal= -(qcold + qhot)

qcold=668.8 J Enthalpy change of the calorimeter

Enthalpy change of hot water qcal= -(6688J - 4556.2)

qhot=100g x 4.18 x -10.9 degrees qcal= -2132

qhot=4556.2 J
Find the Calorimeter Constant 2/2
C= qcal/enthalpy cal C=55.38

C= -2132/16 degrees

C= -133.25 J/ degrees c Calorimeter Constant

avg. 64 J/ degrees C
C= -2132/49.4

C= 43.16 J/ degrees C

C= -2132/38.5
Using the calorimeter constant, we calculated the q reaction and q solution

RxN Soln RxN Soln RxN Soln

1494.35 -1910.35 1816.21 -2321.81 3057.67 -3908.27

Then with that, we found the Hsoln kJ/mol

1 2 3
-17.3 -21.1 -35.5

Avg energy: 24.6 kJ/mol

Costs
Rubber gloves: $11; $0.11 per gloves

Pipe cleaners: $2.39; $0.02 per piper cleaner

Lithium Chloride: $21

Ziploc bags: $6.33 for 100 bags; $0.06 per bag

Total cost: $40.72

Cost per 500g Cost for 3g Total g of salt Total cost of
LiCl
$35 $0.21 300g $21.00
Total cost
Cost to make handwarmer per glove: $0.40

Total cost to make handwarmer: $40.75

Price per handwarmer: $0.75

Profit per handwarmer: $0.35

Total overall profit: $35