Basic Concepts of Air

Conditioning

Prepared exclusively
for
COACH LEATHERWARE
 Panel
Moderator:
Bob Keingstein
Boss Facilities Services
631-361-7430
bobk@bossfacilityservices.com

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 COOL
COIL AIR

HEAT

SOURCE OF
COOL AIR
COIL

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 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM

S.A. DUCT

COOL
COIL AIR

HEAT
S.A.
FAN

Slide 5
 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM

S.A. DUCT S.A.

TERMINAL

COOL
COIL AIR

HEAT
S.A.
FAN

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 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM

R.A. GRILL
S.A. DUCT S.A.
TERMINAL

COOL WARM AIR

COIL AIR

HEAT
S.A.
FAN

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 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM

R.A DUCT
R.A. GRILL
S.A. DUCT S.A.
TERMINAL

COOL
COIL AIR

HEAT
S.A.
FAN

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TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM

R.A.
FAN R.A DUCT
R.A. GRILL
S.A. DUCT S.A.
TERMINAL

COOL
COIL AIR

HEAT
S.A.
FAN

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 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM

R.A.
FAN R.A DUCT
R.A. GRILL
S.A. DUCT S.A.
TERMINAL
R.A. DAMPER
COOL
COIL AIR
FRESH
OUTDOOR HEAT
AIR S.A.
FAN

O.A.
DAMPER
FILTER

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 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM

EXHAUST E.A.
AIR DAMPER R.A.
FAN R.A DUCT
R.A. GRILL
S.A. DUCT S.A.
TERMINAL
R.A. DAMPER
COOL
COIL AIR
FRESH
OUTDOOR HEAT
AIR S.A.
FAN

O.A.
DAMPER
FILTER

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 Economizer

Provides cooling to space when outdoor air

temperatures are below 55 degrees
Switches over automatically from mechanical
cooling
Adjusts R.A. and F.A. dampers to maintain space
temp
May incorporate enthalpy control
Mandatory in some states based on unit capacity

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 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM
EXHAUST E.A.
AIR DAMPER R.A.
FAN R.A DUCT
R.A. GRILL
S.A. DUCT S.A.
TERMINAL
R.A. DAMPER
COIL COOL
AIR
FRESH
OUTDOOR HEAT
AIR S.A.
FAN

O.A.
DAMPER WATER PIPING
FILTER

CHILLED
WATER WATER
PUMP CHILLER

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 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM
EXHAUST E.A.
AIR DAMPER R.A.
FAN R.A DUCT
R.A. GRILL
S.A. DUCT S.A.
TERMINAL
R.A. DAMPER
COIL COOL
AIR
FRESH
OUTDOOR HEAT
AIR S.A.
FAN

O.A.
DAMPER WATER PIPING
FILTER

HEAT

COOLING
TOWER
CHILLED
WATER WATER
PUMP CHILLER
CONDENSER
PUMP
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 TYPICAL ALL-AIR SYSTEM
EXHAUST E.A.
AIR DAMPER R.A.
FAN R.A DUCT
R.A. GRILL
S.A. DUCT S.A.
TERMINAL
R.A. DAMPER
COIL COOL
AIR
FRESH
OUTDOOR HEAT
AIR S.A.
FAN

O.A.
DAMPER WATER PIPING
FILTER

HEAT
BOILER

COOLING
TOWER
CHILLED
WATER WATER
PUMP CHILLER
CONDENSER
PUMP
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 Equipment Types

ROOFTOP PACKAGE UNIT

SPLIT SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER AIR HANDLER
VARIABLE AIR VOLUME (VAV)
AIR TO AIR HEAT PUMP
Life expectancy 10 to 12 yrs for rooftop and split systems
Expect increase in repair costs as equipment ages
Typically largest expense to operation of store, energy/repair costs
Repair or Replace?

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 Single Package Roof Top Unit

Most common
Entire hvac system is
located on mall roof
Most common to have
roof leaks from roof
curb, condensate
overflow or roof
punctures
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Single Package Roof Top Unit
HEAT

COMP CONDR ELECTRIC

HEATER
COIL
O.A.
FAN

E.A. S.A. DUCT

S.A.
R.A. DUCT TERMINAL

HEAT

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 Single Package Roof Top Unit

Rooftop package unit

Mounted on adaptor
curb
Power exhaust and
economizer installed

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 Split System

HVAC system split into 2 pieces

Condensing unit located on roof (houses
compressor, condenser coil, condenser fan motor)
Air handler located in space above ceiling (houses
blower assembly, evap coil, air filters)
Connected electrically and with refrigerant piping
Most prone to refrigerant leaks especially if long
distance between components
Many times refrigerant lines are buried in
construction and inaccessible

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 SPLIT SYSTEM
CONDENSING UNIT HEAT
REFRIGERANT C
LINES C O
O N
M
D AIR
P
R

AIR HANDLING
UNIT
COIL
O.A. POSSIBLE
ELECTRIC
FAN HEAT

E.A. S.A. DUCT

R.A. DUCT

HEAT OPTIONAL
SUPPLEMENTARY
HEATING
SYSTEM

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SPLIT SYSTEM

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 Split System

Air cooled condensing

unit
Compressor, condenser
coil and condenser fans
Connected to indoor air
handler

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 VAV BOX
Variable Air Volume
Consists of VAV terminal
box located in the space
above ceiling
May have supplemental
blower motor for positive
airflow to space
May have air filtration
Has a damper inside that
opens and closes on
demand from thermostat to
allow more or less airflow
to space
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 Major System Components

Compressor
Condenser coil
Evaporator coil
Condenser fan motor
Evaporator fan motor
Thermostatic expansion valve
Evaporator blower assembly
Economizers (Optional)

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 HEAT REJECTION 95F DB
(HIGH TEMPERATURE) 78F DB
HEAT
95F
105F
CONDENSER
CONDITIONED
SPACE 85F COOLING
TOWER

COMPRESSOR

95F 55F
75F
35F
COOLER
45F REFRIGERATION
MACHINE
HEAT GATHERING (REFRIGERATION CYCLE)
(LOW TEMPERATURE)

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 Compressor

This component is the heart of the system..

Pumps refrigerant and oil throughout
system
Separates the high pressure side of the
system from the low pressure side
If compressor fails, no cooling is possible

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 Condenser

Condenser coil is what gets rid of the heat in the

system
Can be water or air cooled, however most are air
cooled in retail application
Located outdoors (air cooled)
Fins on coil are subject to corrosion in salt water
environment. Special coatings can be applied.
Fins are subject to damage from hail
Traps dirt and requires periodic cleanings

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 Evaporator Coil

Provides cold air to the space

Located after the system air filters
Return air is blown over the coil and chilled
Removes moisture from air (condensate)
Traps dirt that gets past air filters, reducing
cooling capacity (95% is bacterial)
Requires periodic chemical cleaning

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 Evaporator Fan Motor

Located behind condenser coil

Draws ambient air across condenser coil
System may have up to 4 or more motors based on
system capacity
Motors are direct drive with fan blades attached
Requires little if any maintenance (sealed
bearings)

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TXV Thermal Expansion Valve

Located at the evaporator coil

Provides the correct amount of refrigerant to the
evaporator coil for proper cooling
Separates the high pressure side of the system
from the low pressure side
Failure could cause compressor failure and loss of
system cooling capacity
Frequently overlooked in diagnosing system
problems
Requires manual setting of superheat for proper
operation.
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 Evaporator Blower Assembly

Consists of:
Blower motor
Pulleys and fan belts
Bearings
Fan shaft
Fan wheels
Housings
Can be located indoors or outdoors

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 Control Types

CONVENTIONAL THERMOSTAT
DIGITAL PROGRAMMABLE
THERMOSTAT
PNEUMATIC
LCD SYSTEM
MALL INTERFACE

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 Low Ambient Controls

Low ambient controls

May be added to air cooled systems that must
operate when outdoor temperatures are below 55
degrees
Cycles condenser fan/s to maintain correct system
pressures
Used when economizer is not present
Much less costly to install
Much more costly to operate

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 Conventional Thermostat

Completely manual operation

Will maintain a single heat or cool setting
System must be switched from heat to cool
No energy savings
Will allow system to operate all night while store
is closed wasting energy
Easy to tamper with
Least expensive to install

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 Programmable Thermostat
Provides auto
changeover from heat
to cool
Provides up to 4
heat/cool settings per
24 hour period
Can provide different
weekend settings
Keyboard can be
locked out
Set it and forget it
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 Pneumatic Thermostat

Uses air provided by mall to operate

thermostat
Very commonly used with VAV systems
Least commonly found in malls
Parts are fairly expensive

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 LCD Thermostat

Used in newer stores

Programmable type
Can be dialed into by monitoring company
for data

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 Rules Of Thumb

1HP = 1KW = 1KVA 1KW = 3413 BTU

1 Ton Cooling = 12,000 BTU 1 Ton = 400 CFM

Retail = 380 SQ FT/ Ton cooling

Delta T = 18F across coil cooling Delta T = 25F for heating

CFM = Building Volume in Cubic Feet

Minute/Air Change

Delta T = Difference between entering and leaving DB = T

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Servpro of Great Neck / Port
Washington
For Further Information
Please Contact Us:
516-767-9600
ServproOfGreatNeck.com
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