:

11

. .
-
2012


,
:

1.
2.
3.

:




,

, :

1. HBV
2. HCV
3. HIV 1+2
4. HTLV I/II
5. (Treponema pallidum)
 Eliza
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
 Western Blot
 NAT
NUCLEIC ACID TESTING SYSTEM
,
,
, ,

:








:

HBV: 10-12 HBsAg

HCV: 60-90 anti-HCV 13-15
HCVAg
HIV: 20-30 anti-HIV1+2 15
HIVAg

(NAT),





(2009)

NAT
HBV, HCV, HIV
(9)


()

(3)


:10.939.771
: 643.662
: 617,462
:
26.200
() : 618,047
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. ,
8.
9. .
 ;


:

1. ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS (COBAS AMPLISCREEN, COBAS

s201 SYSTEM, COBAS TaqScreen MPX)
2. CHIRON INC. (PROCLEIX ULTRIO TIGRIS)

NAT

(Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR), Real-Time
PCR (RT-PCR) ranscription Mediated Amplification
(TMA) HIV, HBV, HCV
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Real Time -Polymerase Chain Reaction
(RT-PCR)
Transcription Mediated Amplification (TMA)

1. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

1. 43nm
Dane,
,
2. 20nm,
103 - 106

3. 20nm


1. 1965

2. >2 .
350 .

3. 4 .
0.5-1.2 .
,


 HBV



Symptoms
HBeAg anti-HBe

Total anti-HBc
Title

HBsAg IgM anti-HBc anti-HBs

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 52 100

Weeks after
Exposure
 HBV

HBsAg .

Anti-HBs
HBsAg

HBeAg e HBV
Anti-HBe
HBeAg HBV
Anti-HBc
HBcAg .


IgM anti-HBc IgM
HBcAg
(

)
 ;
HBsAg
HBsAb (anti-HBs)
HBcAb (anti-HBc)
HBsAg
HBsAb (anti-HBs)
HBcAb (anti-HBc) . .
.
HBsAg .
HBsAb (anti-HBs) .
HBcAb (anti-HBc) .
HBsAg
HBsAb (anti-HBs)
HBcAb (anti-HBc)
 ;

1. HBsAg:
2.

( elisa)
3.
anti-HBc,
HBeAg anti-HBe
4. anti-HBc


5. HBV-DNA

2. Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

1. 1989 90%
-


2. ,
200 .

3. .
90%

4.




 C
1. C
2. ,

3.
4. C ( 6 )
60-70%

5. (>6 ),
, 70%-80%




:
-
-
1987
-
1992
-
- 5%
- 3-5%

:
1. (10%)
2. (60%)
3.
..
4.
5.

6. (10%)
7. 5%-6% HCV (+) (14-
17% HIV)


1. 1990
anti-HCV
2. 1992


0.001% /
3. C
4. :
(RIBA, LIA) ()
HCV RNA test ,
RNA

-HCV RNA test ( ) -
( ),

 ;

1. Anti-HCV:
2. HCV-RNA:
3.
RIBA / LIA
4. HCV Ag

3. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HV)


1. O HIV, AIDS
(Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome),

2.

3. ,
,

 AIDS
1. HIV ,
AIDS 25 . ,
40 .
2. - ,

-HIV
3. HIV 1980
4. 2007 60 (44 & 16 )
5. : HIV-1
HIV-2.



AIDS ,
2009 600 ,
450

60 ,

519
600

30
34 (25 29 ).

1 3

33,4 .
, 71%
2008

:
.
,
. CD4+

:

CD4+
: CD4+
, ,
..
 HIV-1

HIV DNA

HIV

HIV

HIV-1 p24

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 / 2 4 6 8 10
1


1. 1985
HIV-1 1992 HIV-2
2. (EIA, CMIA, ECLIA),
HIV1+2
, 20

3.
p24 ( )


 ;
1. Anti-HIV 1+2 (group O):

2. HIV Ag/Ab:
3. NAT-HIV:
4. HIV Western blot-LIA / HIV Ag:



4. Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)


1. HTLV (Human T-lymphotropic virus)

onco-rna-virus
Retroviridae

2. 1977

3. : HTLV I HTLV II

4. - (HTLV
I/II)
1980 1982

5. ,

 HTLV-1
1.
:
- (ATLL)
HTLV-I

(HAM-TSP)

2. (
2% - 4%)

(15 20)
 HTLV-2
1.
,


2.
HAM-TSP
3.

Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), also known as
HTLV-associated myelopathy or chronic progressive
myelopathy, is an infection of the spinal cord by Human
T-lymphotropic virus resulting in paraparesis, weakness
of the legs. As the name suggests, it is most common in
tropical regions, including the Caribbean and Africa




1.
2. : 20%

,

3. ( ,

4.

,

 ;

1. Anti-HTLV I/II:

2.

3. Western Blot / LIA / RIBA

PCR


5. Trepnema Pallidum ()


Treponema pallidum

.
Gram


, , ,
pH .



1.

1915
2.

3. 1930-1940:
4. '50, ,
,

, '60 '70

2010;

1.
4C
2.

3.
4 4.5
9-10

4.



1. ,
(4C)
2.

( 1.3 106 2.5
107 /ml 120
3. 48 72
4C,
4.
5.

, HIV
 ;

1. RPR:
,

2. TPHA,
FTAABS Elisa

RPR (rapid plasma reagin) is a screening test for

syphilis. It looks for antibodies that are present in
the blood of people who have the disease. The test
is similar to the venereal disease research
laboratory (VDRL) test







1.


2.

-

3. -

4.
-

 ;
1.
vCJD
2. Species jump,
HIV, SARS
3. (.
)
, , babesia
4. &
HBV , ,
5. ,
T. cruzi, chikungunya
6. ,

WNV, monkeypox
7. ,
HIV, leishmania
 !

phlebotomus fly
Triatomine bug
Water snail


85
102 ..
 < 5 1/3

 :

40%
41%

94%



1. :
4 . /
640,000
40,000
2.

&




: vCJD
/ Dengue viruses
( Babesia
) species

: Chikungunya virus
/ St Louis encephalitis virus
, Leishmania species
Plasmodium species
T. cruzi
:
Chronic wasting disease Prions,
/
HHV8,B19, H5N1, HIV variants,
,
simian foamy virus, Borrelia
/
burgdorferi, AV
(regulatory) ()

:

(watch list) S.Stramer 2009 TRANSFUSION
 ;

1. ;

2. ;

3. ;


Infected
Blood Recipien
t