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ECEG 6308 Analysis and Design of Antenna: Chapter-1
ECEG 6308 Analysis and Design of Antenna: Chapter-1
Chapter-1
Introduction to Antenna and its
Fundamental Parameters
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Antenna as a Transition/Transducer Device
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Types of Antennas
Wire Antennas
Aperture Antennas
Microstrip Antennas
Array Antennas
Reflector Antennas
Lens Antennas
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Type of Antenna Wire Antennas
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Type of Antenna Aperture Antennas
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Type of Antenna Microstrip Antennas
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Type of Antenna Antenna Arrays
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Type of Antenna Reflector Antennas
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Type of Antenna Lens Antennas
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Classes of Antennas- Based on Applications
Broadcast Antennas-
Commercial AM radio broadcasting uses the MF range and requires equal
coverage in all direction
Vertically, or horizontally Polarized Linear Antennas, in most cases
VHF Antennas
VHF and UHF ranges are mostly used for TV Broadcasting
Horizontally Polarized Yagi Antennas, in most of the cases
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How is Radiation Taking Place:
The previous Equation shows the basic relation between current and charge, and it also
serves as the fundamental relation of electromagnetic radiation.
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The Indispensable Dipole
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The Indispensable Antenna- The Dipole
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The Indispensable Antenna- The Dipole
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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
Radiation (Antenna) Pattern:
Field and Power are normalized with respect to their maximum value, yielding
normalized field and power patterns.
Field pattern ( in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the magnitude of the
electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.
Power pattern( in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the square of the
magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.
Power pattern( in dB) represents the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field,
indecibels, as a functionof the angular space.
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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
Amplitude Radiation Pattern
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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
Major Lobe
the radiation lobe containing the
direction of maximum radiation
Minor Lobe
Any radiation lobe other than the
Major Lobe
Side Lobe
a radiation lobe in any direction
other than the intended lobe
Back Lobe
Symmetrical opposite to the Major
Lobe
Half-Power Beam Width (HPBW)
First Null Beam Width (FNBW)
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Radiation Power Density and Radiated Power
The time average Poynting vector (average power density) is given
by:
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Radiation Intensity:
Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as the power
radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle.
As a summary:
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Beam width
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Directivity and Gain
One very important Description of an Antenna is how much it concentrates
energy in one direction in preference to radiation in other directions. This is
called directivity and is equal to its power gain if the antenna is 100%
efficient.
The Power Radiated from the Antenna can be calculated from:
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Directivity and Gain
Radiation Intensity is the radiated power in a given direction per unit solid
angle and is independent of the distance r.
Introducing the normalized electric field F(,) leads to:
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Directivity and Gain
The Average radiation Intensity, Uave, may also be defined as the radiation
intensity of an isotropic source which radiates the same total power, Pr, as
a real antenna, which produces U(,)
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Directivity and Gain
Making some substitutions;
A: is the solid angle through which all the power would be radiated id the
power per unit solid angle (Radiation Intensity) equaled the max. value
over the beam area.
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Directivity and Gain
Directivity: is now simply defined as the maximum value of Directive Gain
Or
Since, the value of |F(,)|2 is 1, then we see that the max. value of
Directive Gain is the Directivity, D
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Directivity and Gain
Power Gain (Gain): is then defined as the 4 times the ratio of the
radiation intensity in a given direction to the Antenna Input Powern
Comparing equations () and (.) for Directiviy and Power Gain, the only
difference is the input power Pin
Therefore, Directiviy can be understood as the Power Gain an Antenna
would have if all the input power apeared as radiated power.
Power Gain reflects that real antennas do not behave in this fashion and
that there are power losses due to impedance mismatches and
discontinuties. 31
Directivity and Gain
Radiation Efficiency: as the ratio between the radiated power to the Input
power:
And the Directivity and the Power Gain are then related as:
Or:
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Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)
PEIRP or simply EIRP is defined as the Power gain of a transmitting
antenna in a given direction multiplied by the net power accepted by the
antenna from the connected transmitter:
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Ideal Dipole- an Example
Consider an element of current of length z along the z-axis centered at
the origin:
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Ideal Dipole- an Example
From Maxwells Equations, and relations to Vector Potential:
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Ideal Dipole- an Example
Taking the ratio of the magnitudes
of the electric and magnetic fields:
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Ideal Dipole- an Example
Inserting the E and H fields in the equation for Radiation Intensity: we get
The Average Radiation Intensity follows from the total radiate power as:
Thus, Um = 1.5Uave, for ideal
dipole, means that in the
direction of max. radiation, the
radiation intensity is 50% more
than that which would occur
from isotropic source radiating
the same total power. 37
Ideal Dipole- an Example
The Directivity of the Ideal Dipole is then:
But, usually, Directiviy is calculated by first computing the beam solid angle:
Or: in decibels
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Beam Width
Beam Solid Angle: Consider a highly directive antenna, which concentrates all of
its radiated power Prad into a small solid angle
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Beam Width
Then it follows from the definition above:
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Beam Width
Example: Determine the gain in dB of a dish antenna of diameter of 0.5 m operating
at a satellite downlink frequency of 4 GHz and having 60% aperture efficiency. Repeat
if the downlink frequency is 11 GHz. Repeat if the diameter is doubled to 1 m.
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Effective Area
When an antenna is operating as a receiving antenna, it extracts a certain amount of
power from an incident electromagnetic wave.
An incident wave coming from a far distance may be thought of as a uniform plane
wave being intercepted by the antenna.
The power density of the incident wave at the location of the receiving antenna can
be expressed in terms of the electric field of the wave,
The effective area or effective aperture A of the antenna is defined to be that area
which when intercepted by the incident power density Pinc gives the amount of
received power PR available at the antenna output terminals.
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Effective Area
For lossy Antenna:
Thus, we may also define the maximum effective aperture Am as the area which
extracts the power Prad from the incident wave
The effective area depends on the direction of arrival (,) of the incident wave.
For all antennas, it can be shown that the effective area A(,) is related to the
power gain G(,) and the wavelength = c/f as follows:
Similarly, because G(,)= eD(,), the maximum effective aperture will be related
to the directive gain by:
43
Effective Area
In practice, the quoted effective area A of an antenna is the value corresponding to
the direction of maximal gain Gmax. We write in this case:
In terms of frequency:
44
Effective Area
For example, linear antennas do not even have any characteristic physical area. For
dish or horn antennas, on the other hand, the effective area is typically a fraction of
the physical area (about 5565 percent for dishes and 6080 percent for horns.)
For example, if the dish has a diameter of d meters, then we have:
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Antenna Equivalent Circuit:
It is evident that Ptot = PT +PG. A portion of the power PT delivered to the antenna is
radiated away, say an amount Prad, and the rest is dissipated as ohmic losses, say Pohm.
Thus, PT = Prad + Pohm. These two parts can be represented conveniently by equivalent
resistances by writing RA = Rrad + Rohm, where Rrad is referred to as the radiation
resistance. Thus, we have,
To maximize the amount of power PT delivered to the antenna (and thus minimize the
power lost in the generators internal resistance), the load impedance must satisfy the
usual conjugate matching condition:
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Antenna Equivalent Circuit:
In this case:
And the maximum power transferred to the load will be one-half the totalthe other half
being lost in RG, that is,
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Antenna Equivalent Circuit:
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Ideal Dipole- an Example
Consider am Ideal dipole of radius a, length 1m and operating at 1MHz
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Ideal Dipole- an Example
The Antenna Efficiency is then:
This is a low-efficient Antenna. Since the radiation Resistance increases with length
squared and ohmic resistance increases linearly with length, the radiation efficiency
could be increased by lengthning the Antenna.
For Broadcast Receiving Antennas, low efficiency is frequently overcome by using high
power transmitters operating into tall antenns that are efficient. Thus cost and
complexity are concentrated into transmitting stations allowing inexpensive and simple
receiving Antennas.
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