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Feenstra Taylor Econ CH05
Feenstra Taylor Econ CH05
1
MOVEMENT OF LABOR Movement of Labor
AND CAPITAL BETWEEN Between Countries
2
COUNTRIES Movement of
Capital between
Countries
3
Gains from Labor
and Capital Flows
4
Conclusions
Introduction
Labor has
increased and
wages have
decreased at new
equilibrium, B
APPLICATION
Between 1870 and 1913, 30 million Europeans
left their homes in the Old World to emigrate to
the New World.
The U.S. population increased by 17%.
The New World had higher real wages
In 1870, real wages in the New World were nearly 3
times higher than in Europe.
Over time capital accumulated, so real wages in
both locations grew, but at a slower rate in the
New World.
APPLICATION
These days, we see migration from developing countries
to wealthier ones.
In many cases, the immigration includes a mix of low-skilled
workers and high-skilled workers.
APPLICATION
Illegal immigrants into the U.S. compete primarily with the
lowest-educated workers.
Legal immigrants compete with workers at the highest
educational levels.
Under the specific factors model, the greatest impact on
labor will be for the lowest and highest educated U.S.
workers.
This is supported by the data.
The negative impact of immigration on wages is fairly
modest for most workers and is offset with capital moves
between industries as discussed later.
HEADLINES
A new EU-wide green card would allow skilled workers already
in the 25-nation bloc to change countries without extra
paperwork.
Europe's work force is expected to shrink by 20 million between
now and 2040.
Businesses complain regularly about a shortage of highly skilled
personnel.
EU commissioner Franco Frattini has a vision:
A North African engineer could go to work in Europe, earn good
money, and return regularly to his hometown to start and maintain
a business.
Mr. Frattini uses the term brain circulation instead of the
accusatory term brain drain.
2008 Worth Publishers International Economics Feenstra/Taylor 15 of 114
Movement of Labor Between Countries
Box Diagram
Figure 5.7 shows a new box diagram to help us answer
our question.
Length is total amount of labor at Home, L.
The vertical axes measure the total amount of capital,
K, at home, in each industry.
OSA shows the amount of labor and capital used in
shoes and OCA in computers.
The capital-labor ratio in each industry is the slope of
the respective industry line.
OSA is flatter, so capital-labor ratio in shoes is less than in
computers.
A K
Capital
allocated to
shoes
KS
0S LS L
2. Decrease in
3. Increase in Capital in the
Capital in the K K Computer
Shoe industry B
industry
K K
A
5. Additional
1. Increase in
increase in Labor
Home labor due to 0S 0S L L in the Shoe
immigration:
industry
additional labor
(L) allocated to L
shoes
L
Output of Computers,
QC
Rybczynski Theorem:
In the Heckscher-Ohlin model with two goods and
two factors, an increase in the amount of a factor
found in an economy will increase the output of
the industry using that factor intensively and
decrease the output of the other industry.
APPLICATION
Figure 5.10 panel (a) shows real value added in
the apparel industry for Miami and the average of
comparison cities.
Adjust for city size by looking at value added per capita.
The industry decline in Miami is slightly slower than in
comparison cities after 1980.
APPLICATION
Wages did not really change during this time.
Is this also from the Rybczynski Theorem?
During this time, computer use in manufacturing was
increasing significantly.
This increase was much slower in Miami than in similar
cities.
One explanation is that firms employed the Mariel
refugees and other low-skilled workers rather than
switching to computer technologies.
This is just another example of how the refugees could be
absorbed across many industries.
APPLICATION
There has been slightly more than a doubling of
foreign-born persons in the U.S. in 25 years.
Table 5.1 reports the estimated impact of
immigration over 1990-2004 on wages of various
workers, distinguished by education level.
When we allow capital to grow in each industry to
accommodate the inflow of immigrants (second
approach), total U.S. immigration has a negative
impact on only the lowest and highest-educated
workers.
Wage, W Equilibrium
PA MPLA An inflow of shifts
capitalto
pointthe
into B, increasing
wages and labor used
manufacturing
in manufacturing.
sector shifts out the
Labor
marginal is pulled
productoutof of
W B agriculture
labor curve so labor in
in that
that sector falls.
sector
W A
PM MPLM
PM MPLM
0M L L 0A
LM LA
L Figure 5.12
2008 Worth Publishers International Economics Feenstra/Taylor 42 of 114
FDI in the Long Run
APPLICATION
Singapore has encouraged foreign firms to establish
subsidiaries within its borders, especially in the electronics
industry.
APPLICATION
Second approach to calculating the rental on capital.
If capital was rented instead of purchased, what would the
rental be?
If it invests PK at interest rate i, could expect PKi
We must also consider depreciation on capital.
Real rental is: R PK
(i d )
P P
Table 5.2 part B shows the growth rate in the real rental
computed from this formula.
Real wages grow over time.
This is not expected from our long run model.
APPLICATION
APPLICATION
In part B productivity growth is positive, but in part A it is
negative.
The idea that Singapore might have no productivity growth
contradicts what many believe about its economy and that
of other fast-growing Asian countries.
If there was no productivity growth then all growth is due to
capital accumulation.
FDI has no spillover benefits.
B
W C
W* A*
Gains to
Home
Foreign
Wage
0 L L 0
L L*
SIDE BAR
Immigrants often send a substantial portion of
their earnings back homeremittances.
SIDE BAR
Table 5.3
SIDE BAR
The fact that immigrants return some of their income back
home may not be enough to compensate their home
countries for the loss of their labor.
To calculate the gains, we need to include all the earnings
of the immigrants in their home countries income.
In the case of highly-educated migrants, unless these migrants
return most of their earnings back home those countries lose from
the outflow of these workers.
SIDE BAR
Illegal immigrants are often willing to make high
payments to traffickers to move from one country
to another.
Payments to traffickers are in Table 5.4.
SIDE BAR
When the costs of moving are high, then
immigrants need to work abroad for enough years
to more than cover these costs.
APPLICATION
How large are the gains from migration?
0 K K 0
K K*
Figure 5.15
World amount of Labor