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Subluxation
Acquired
- Vraumatic
- Pathology
- Paralysis
Clinical Features
- Shock (severe injury)
- Pain
- Edema
- Bruising
- Local tenderness
- Muscle spasm
- Loss of function
2) Stress
3) Pathological
4) Avulsion
!
a) Closed fracture / Simple fracture
No communication between the fracture bone and the
body surface
c) Complicated fracture
b) Incomplete
d) Compression or crush
- Usually occur in cancellous bone
e) Segmental
- proximal, middle and distal third
f) ÷isplacement
- undisplaced
- displaced
- Impacted
- Stable
`
`
ealing of fracture
Stage of haematoma
Stage of subperiosteal & endosteal cellular
Stage of callus formation
Stage of consolidation
Stage of remodelling
ealing time of fracture
- Vype of bone
- Pattern of fracture
- Blood supply
- Fixation
- Age
ealing time of fracture
Union
- Usually take 3-3-10 weeks after fracture occurred
ƛ partial repair of the bone
- Initial callus formation (not reach full bone maturity)
- Minimal movement of the fracture site
- Painful with pressure or weight bearing
- FWB is contraindicated
- Encourage PWB
- X Ray ƛ fracture line still visible
ealing time of fracture
Consolidation
Non union
- Fracture failed to unite.
- Vhe gap between the bones is filled with fibrous tissue &
form pseudoarthrosis
- X ray : sclerotic or dense and rounded
- Causes:
- Infection
- Poor blood supply
- Poor fixation
- Vreatment:
- Bone grafting with internal fixation
"`
#
Fracture take longer time to heal than expected time
Causes & treatment: same as non union
"
Causes:
- Poor initial treatment
Vreatment:
- Osteotomy with internal fixation
"`
Infection
- Occur in open fracture
- contaminated wound leads osteomyelitis
Vreatment:
÷ressing & antibiotic
Shortening
Caused by mal union or crush fracture
Avascular necrosis
Necrosis of the bone as a result of lack of blood supply
References
Adams(1986). Outline of fracture
Ann Vhompson, Alison Skinner, Joan Piercy (1991) Vidyƞs
Physiotherapist, 12 edit
÷avid F. Paton (1992) Fractures and Orthopaedics
Marian Vidswell(1998) Orthopaedic Physiotherapy
Ronald Mc Rae (2001) Pocket Book Of Orthopaedics and
Fractures
John Ebnezar (2003) Essentials Orthopaedics for
Physiotherapist. 1 st edit
Karen Atkinson (2005) Physiotherapy In Orthopaedic : A
Problem Solving Approach. 2 edit