*

*
*Oxidation
increase in oxidation number
addition of oxygen
removal of hydrogen
*Reduction
decrease in oxidation number
addition of hydrogen
removal of oxygen
 *
*Hydrolysis - reaction in the presence
of water, acid, base or enzyme.
*Tautomerism - interconversion of
aldehyde/ketone to alcohol.
*Condensation - reaction of two or
more substances with the removal of
water from the molecules.
*CH3CH2OH + O2 CH3CHO + H2O
*(CH3)2CHOH + O2 (CH3)2C=O + H2O
*CH3CHO + H2 CH3CH2OH
* (CH3)2C=O + H2 (CH3)2CHOH
*NADH + H+ NAD + 2H+
*NAD + 2H+ NADH + H+
*FAD + 2H+ FADH2 *
*FADH2 FAD + 2H+
*CH3COOCH3 + H2O CH3COOH + CH3OH
*CH3COOH + CH3OH CH3COOCH3 + H2O

*
*pH = -log [H+] pOH = - log [OH-]
*[H+] = inv. log pH [OH-] = inv. log pOH
*pH = pKw pOH pOH = pKw pH
*pH = 14 pOH pOH = 14 pH
*[H+] = Kw/[OH-] [OH-] = Kw/[H+]
*[H+] = 1 x 10-14/ [OH-] [OH-] = 1x10-14/[H+]
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation:
pH = pKa + log A-/HA *
 *

From the reaction of two water molecules, the

following equilibrium constant expression can be
written:
[H3O+][OH]
K =
[H2O]2

Multiplying both sides by [H2O]2 yields Kw, the

ion-product constant for water.

Kw = [H3O+][OH]
ion-product
constant 7
 *

Experimentally it can be shown that

[H3O+] = [OH] = 1.0 x 107 M at 25 oC

Kw = [H3O+] [OH]

Kw = (1.0 x 107) x (1.0 x 107)

Kw = 1.0 x 1014

Kw is a constant, 1.0 x 1014, for all aqueous

solutions at 25 oC.

8
 *

To calculate [OH] when To calculate [H3O+] when

[H3O+] is known: [OH] is known:

Kw = [H3O+][OH] Kw = [H3O+][OH]

Kw Kw
[OH] = [H3O+] =
[H3O+] [OH]
1 x 1014 1 x 1014
[OH] = [H3O+] =
[H3O+] [OH]

9
 *

If the [H3O+] in a cup of coffee is 1.0 x 105 M, then

the [OH] can be calculated as follows:

Kw 1 x 1014
[OH] = = = 1.0 x 109 M
[H3O+] 1 x 105

In this cup of coffee, therefore, [H3O+] > [OH], and

the solution is acidic overall.

10
*

11
 *

pH = log [H3O+]

The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of

H3O+.
Acidic solution: pH < 7 [H3O+] > 1 x 107

Neutral solution: pH = 7 [H3O+] = 1 x 107

Basic solution: pH > 7 [H3O+] < 1 x 107

12
 *

If [H3O+] = 1.2 x 105 M for a solution, what is its pH?

pH = log [H3O+] = log (1.2 x 105)

= (4.92) = 4.92

The solution is acidic because the pH < 7.

13
 *

If the pH of a solution is 8.50, what is the [H3O+]?

pH = log [H3O+]

8.50 = log [H3O+]

8.50 = log [H3O+]

antilog (8.50 ) = [H3O+]

[H3O+] = 3.2 x 109 M

The solution is basic because [H3O+] > 1 x 107 M.

14
*

15
*

16
*Refer to the lab workbook.

*
*Chemical reactions in the cell
*Ionization of water
*Computations of pH and buffers
*pH of body fluids

*
1. A solution has [H+] of 2.43 x 10 -5 M. What is its
pH, pOH, [OH-]?
2. Calculate the pH, pOH, [H+], [OH-] of the ff.
solutions: a) 0.0063M HCl b) 0.05M NaOH
c) 0.25M H2CO3 Ka = 4.3 x 10 -7
3. Given the Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 x 10 -5,
Calculate the pH of a 0.50M CH3COOH that is
also 0.20M in CH3COONa.
4. Calculate the change in pH when 1.0mL of 1.0M
HCl is *
added to 50mL of a buffered solution that is
initially 1.0M in CH3COOH and 1.0M in CH3COONa.