IBM Global Business Services

Introduction & Overview

Object Oriented Programming

IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Course Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you should be able to:

Recognize the concept of Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
Identify the features of Object Oriented Programming & its Advantages
Analyze the basic building blocks of Object Orientated Programming
Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism

2 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP) ?

The fundamental idea behind Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is to combine

both data and the functions (methods) those operate on that data into a single
unit. Such an unit is called Object, i.e. key principle of OOP is Data controlling
access to code.
Object orientation focuses on objects that represent either abstract or concrete
things in the real world. They are first viewed in terms of their characteristics,
which are mapped using the objects internal structure and attributes (data). The
behavior of an object is described through methods and events (functionality).
Objects form capsules containing the data itself and the behavior of that data.
Objects should enable you to draft a software solution that is a one-to-one
mapping of the real-life problem area.

3 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Advantages of Object Oriented Programming

Better Programming Structure

Real world entity can be modeled very well
Stress on data security and access
Data encapsulation and abstraction
Reduction in code redundancy

4 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Advantages of the Object-Oriented Approach

Abstraction - Modeling real world entities and processes in a more natural

way.
Ecapsulation - Encapsulation means that the implementation of an object is
hidden from other components in the system, so that they
cannot make assumptions about the internal status of the
object and therefore dependencies on specific
implementations do not arise.
Inheritance - Inheritance defines the implementation relationship between classes, in
which one class (the subclass) shares the structure and the behavior
defined in one or more other classes (superclasses).
Polymorphism - Polymorphism (ability to have multiple forms) in the context of
object technology signifies that objects in different classes
have different reactions to the same message..
Code Reuse - Same code can be reused multiple times by using inheritance.

5 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Abstraction : Ignore the details

In philosophical terminology, abstraction is the thought process wherein ideas are

distanced from objects.
In computer science, abstraction is a mechanism and practice to reduce and
factor out details so that one can focus on few concepts at a time.
Abstraction uses a strategy of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are
left ambiguous, vague, or undefined.

6 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Modularization : Break into pieces

A module can be defined variously, but generally must be a component of a

larger system, and operate within that system independently from the operations of
the other components.
Modularity is the property of computer programs that measures the extent to
which they have been composed out of separate parts called modules.
Programs that have many direct interrelationships between any two random parts
of the program code are less modular than programs where those relationships
occur mainly at well-defined interfaces between modules.

7 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Information hiding

Separate the implementation and the function.

The principle of information hiding is the hiding of design decisions in a computer
program that are most likely to change, thus protecting other parts of the program
from change if the design decision is changed.
Protecting a design decision involves providing a stable interface which shields
the remainder of the program from the implementation (the details that are most
likely to change).

8 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Basic Building Blocks of Object Oriented Programs

Class A class is a blueprint that defines the variables and the methods common
to all objects of a certain kind.
Gives a general description of objects (blueprint).
Establishes status types (attributes) and behavior (methods)
When a real world entity is modeled into OOP world then it is known as Class,
characteristics as attributes and functionality as methods

Object An object is a software bundle of variables and related methods (Also

known as instance)
Reflection of real world
Specific instance of a class

9 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Basic Building Blocks of Object Oriented Programs

Class
Desktop PC Instance
Attributes Lenovo PC
Display type Attributes
HDD capacity
Display type - LCD
RAM size
Processor Speed HDD capacity 160GB
RAM size 1GB
Methods
Processor Speed Dual Core
Switch On
Switch Off

10 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Visibility Sections in a Class

All components of a class must belong to a visibility section. Components can

be public, protected or private.
Public components form the external interface of the class they are visible to
all users of the class as well as to methods within the class and to methods of
subclasses.
Protected components form the interface of the class to its subclasses they are
visible to methods of the heirs of the class as well as to methods within the class.
Private components can only be used in the methods of the class itself.

11 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Types of Attributes and Methods

Instance vs. Static Instance Attributes Static Attribute (Also

Attributes known as class
attributes0
Existence ? One per instance Only one per class

Instance vs. Static Instance Methods Static Methods (Also

Methods
Capability ? Can use both static and
instance components in
the implementation part
known as class
attributes0
Can only use static
components in the
implementation part

12 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Encapsulation
Packaging an objects variables (attributes) within the protective custody of its methods.
called encapsulation. For ex. if we consider an instance as a cell the variables (attributes)
form the core nucleus and the methods surround these attributes.

Benefits of Encapsulation
Encapsulating related variables and methods into a neat software bundle is a simple yet
powerful idea that provides two benefits to software developers:
Modularity: The source code for an object can be written and maintained independently of
the source code for other objects. Also, an object can be easily passed around in the
system. You can give your bicycle to someone else, and it will still work.
Information-hiding: An object has a public interface that other objects can use to
communicate with it. The object can maintain private information and methods that can be
changed at any time without affecting other objects that depend on it.

13 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Encapsulation

Packaging an objects variables (attributes) within the protective custody of its

methods. called encapsulation.
For ex. if we consider an instance as a cell the variables (attributes) form the
core nucleus and the methods surround these attributes.

14 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Benefits of Encapsulation

Encapsulating related variables and methods into a neat software bundle is a

simple yet powerful idea that provides two benefits to software developers:
Modularity
The source code for an object can be written and maintained independently of the
source code for other objects.
An object can be easily passed around in the system.
You can give your bicycle to someone else, and it will still work.
Information-hiding
An object has a public interface that other objects can use to communicate with it.
The object can maintain private information and methods that can be changed at any
time without affecting other objects that depend on it.

15 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Inheritance

Inheritance
The term inheritance refers to the fact that one class can inherit part or all of its structure and
behavior from another class. The class that does the inheriting is said to be a subclass of the
class from which it inherits. If class B is a subclass of class A, we also say that class A is a
superclass of class B. A subclass can add to the structure and behavior that it inherits. It can
also replace or modify inherited behavior (though not inherited structure). The relationship
between subclass and superclass is sometimes shown by a diagram in which the subclass is
shown below, and connected to, its superclass.

16 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Inheritance

The term inheritance refers to the fact that one class can inherit part or all of its
structure and behavior from another class.
The class that does the inheriting is said to be a subclass of the class from which
it inherits.
If class B is a subclass of class A, we also say that class A is a superclass of
class B.
A subclass can add to the structure and behavior that it inherits.
It can also replace or modify inherited behavior (though not inherited structure).
The relationship between subclass and superclass is sometimes shown by a
diagram in which the subclass is shown below, and connected to, its superclass.

17 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Inheritance : Subclass and Superclass

Superclass

Subclass

18 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Inheritance with Polymorphism

Polymorphism
Polymorphism just means that different objects can respond to the same message
in different ways.

METHOD ADD

With Numeric Parameters

With Character Parameters

(Addition Operation is
performed) (Concatenation Operation is
performed)

19 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Access modifiers

Public components
Visible to all direct access
Protected components
Only visible within their class and within
the subclass
Private components
Only visible within the class
No access from outside the class, not
even from the subclass

20 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Inheritance with Polymorphism

In Greek Poly means 'many' and 'morph'

means form.
This ability of different objects to respond,
each in its own way, to identical messages is
called polymorphism.
If a Dog is commanded to talk(), it may emit a
bark, while if a Pig is asked to talk(), it may
respond with an oink. Both inherit talk() from
Animal, but their subclass methods override
the methods of the superclass, known as
overriding polymorphism. Adding a walk
method to Animal would give both Pig and
Dog objects the same walk method.

21 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013

 IBM Global Business Services

Thank You

Questions

22 Introduction & Overview July-2007 IBM Corporation 2013