PRESSURE BASIC

By. Mugita
 PRESSURE
Pressure is the force that exerted or placed on
a unit of area.

P = F/A
Formation Overburden Pressure Hydrostatic Fracture
Pressure Pressure Gradient Pressure Pressure
 Pressure Gradient
PRESSURE GRADIENT is pressure developed by a
column of fluid as depth of the column increases when
the column contains a fluid of normal density.
The variation of pressure with depth. Commonly used
under hydrostatic conditions (e.g. a hydrostatic column
of salt water has a pressure gradient of 0.433 psi/ft or
0.465 psi/ft) ( 10.53 kPa/m).
 Formation Pressure
FORMATION PRESSURE is the pressure within the pore
spaces of the formation rock. This pressure can be
affected by the weight of the overburden (rock layers)
above the formation, which exerts pressure on both
the grains and pore fluids.
 High
Pressure

Pressure
Gradient: Normal
0.433 psi/ft - Pressure
0.465 psi/ft

Sub
Pressure
 Normal Pressure
Equal to hydrostatic pressure gradient of water
extending from the surface to subsurface.
High Pressure
Formation pressure greater than the hydrostatic
pressure gradient of the contained formation fluid.
Subnormal Pressure
Formation pressure less than the hydrostatic
pressure gradient.
 Tekanan Tekanan
Hidrostatik Formasi
 Hydrostatic Pressure
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE is the total fluid pressure
created by the weight of a column of fluid, acting on
any given point in a well.
Hydro means water, or fluid, that exerts pressure like
water, and static means not moving.
So hydrostatic pressure is the pressure created by the
density and height of a stationary (static) column of
fluid.
Hydrostatic Pressure = Pressure Gradient
Depth TVD
Pressure Gradient = mud weight Conversion
factor
Conversion factor = 0.052
 PROBLEM 1A
What is the pressure gradient of a fluid that
weighs 9.5 ppg (1138 kg/m)?
PROBLEM 1B
What is the pressure gradient of fresh water
which weighs 8.33 ppg (998 kg/m)
 Fracture Pressure
Fracture pressure is the amount of pressure it
takes to permanently deform (fail or split) the
rock structure of a formation.
Fracture pressure can be expressed as a
gradient (psi/ft). Fracture gradients normally
increase with depth due to increasing
overburden pressure.
 Overburden Pressure
Overburden pressure is a pressure from
formation that lying above a particular
formation.
Bottom-Hole Pressure
 WELL CONTROL
Well Control Basic
Purposes
Benefits
Concepts
 Well Control Basic
The management of the dangerous effects caused by
the unexpected release of formation fluid, such as
natural gas and crude oil, upon surface equipment of
oil or gas drilling rigs.
Technically, oil well control involves preventing the
formation fluid, usually referred to as kick, from
entering into the wellbore during drilling, monitoring a
well for signs of impending influx of formation fluid
into the wellbore during drilling and procedures, to
stop the well from flowing when it happens by taking
proper remedial actions.
 Well Control Basic (2)
Formation fluid can enter the wellbore if the pressure
exerted by the column of drilling fluid is not great
enough to overcome the pressure exerted by the fluids
in the formation being drilled.
Failure to manage and control these pressure effects
can cause serious equipment damage and injury, or
loss of life. Improperly managed well control situations
can cause blowouts, which are uncontrolled and
explosive expulsions of formation fluid from the well,
potentially resulting in a fire.
 Purposes of Well Control
To prevent blowout.
Overcome undesirable kick and lost
circulation.
 Benefits
To avoid blowout, kick, lost circulation that
can caused irreparable damage to the
environment, waste of valuable resources,
ruined equipment, and most importantly, the
safety and lives of personnel on the drilling
rig.
 Concepts
Maintain the hydrostatic pressure to be
slightly overbalance over the formation
pressure.
Standard operational procedures to overcome
if kick occurs (equipment and procedures).
Methods of well control.
 Primary Well Control
Mud (Hydrostatic Pressure)
Secondary Well Control
BOP (Blow-Out Preventer)
Tertiary Well Control
Relief Well
 Kick Fundamentals
Kick Understanding
Kick Indications
Causes of Kick
Procedures of Kick
 What is Kick?
Kick:
Unscheduled entry of formation fluid into the wellbore of
sufficient quantity to require shutting in the well.
Blowout:
Loss of control of a kick.

Sometimes ,formation fluids from a reservoir formation

at high pressure can flow into another underground
formation that is at a lower pressure and different depth.
This kind of uncontrolled flow is an underground blowout
and can be very difficult to control.
pH << pF Kick Blowout
Indications of Kick
Increase
Decrease Themperatur
density Of
of mud mud

Decrease
Drilling
Break
of
Pressure

Increase
Increase
velocity
of pit
of Flow gain
rate
 Causes of Kick

Swabbing
Effect

Gas
Cut Ph << Pf
Mud

Decrease of
Lost
Mud
Circulation
column
Procedure of Kick

While drilling

While tripping
 While Drilling
Jika anda mengamati salah satu:
1. Peningkatan aliran balik.
2. Peningkatan perolehan pit.

1. Tarik dari dasar dan naikkan tool joint ke atas rotary table.
2. Stop rotary dan stop pompa.
3. Cek aliran.

TIDAK
Apa sumur 1. Beritahukan Drilling Supv
mengalir? 2. Teruskan mengebor
YA

1. Buka HCR Choke valve dan tutup

annular.
2. Beritahukan Drilling Supv. dan Toolpusher.
3. Kirim orang untuk monitor kebocoran.
4. Catat Shut-in DP, CP dan perolehan pit.
 Procedure Well kick

(a). While Drilling

Stop rotary table
Pick up kelly to tool joint
Out from rotary table
Stop Pump
Open choke line
Close annular preventer
Read drillpipe pressure (SIDP),
Annulus pressure (SICP) and pit gain
 While Tripping
Jika anda mengamati salah satu:
1. Lubang tidak mengambil volume yang benar.
2. Peningkatan aliran balik.

1. Stop trip dan naikkan tool joint ke atas rotary table

2. Cek aliran.

TIDAK
Apakah sumur 1. Beritahu Drilling Supv aliran
mengalir? kembali yang tidak benar.
YA

1. Pasang slip dan pasang FOSV.

2. Tutup FOSV.
3. Buka HCR Choke valve dan tutup annular.
4. Beritahu Drilling Supv dan Toolpusher.
5. Pasang Top Drive.
6. Catat Shut-in CP dan perolehan pit.
7. Kirim orang untuk monitor kebocoran.
(b). While tripping

Sit top tool joint on slips

Set safety valve (open) in DP

Close safety valve dan annular preventer

Connect kelly

Open safety valve

Read shut in pressure and pit gain