LINK BUDGET DESIGN
.
A link budget is accounting of all the gains and
losses from the transmitter through the
medium (free space, cable, fiber, etc) to the
receiver in a telecommunication system.
It accounts for the attenuation of the
transmitted signal due to propagation as well
as the antenna gain, fed line and
miscellaneous losses.
The amount of margin required can be
reduced by the use of mitigating techniques
such as antenna diversity or frequency
hopping.
Received power(db)= transmitted power
(db)+gain(db)-losses(db)
FREE SPACE LOSS
Signal power is diminished by geometric
spreading of the wave front commonly known
as free space loss
The power of the signal is spread over a wave
front, the area of which increases as the
distance from the transmitter increases.
Therefore the power density diminishes.
The free space loss in decibels at any
frequency can be expressed as
L fs= 32.45+20 log (d)+20 log (f)
where d- T-R separation distance in km
f-frequency in MHZ
at f= 2.45 GHZ,
Lfs=32.45+20log(d)+20log (d)+20 log(2.45810^3)
L fs=100+20 log(d)
Link budget
Is a way of quantifying link performance.
Received power can be determined by three
Factors such as transmit power, transmitting and
receiving antenna gain.
If the power minus free space loss of link path is
greater than the minimum received signal level of
the receiving radio, then a link is possible.
The difference between the minimum
received signal level of the receiving radio and
the actual received power is called link
margin.
Link margin should be positive and should be
maximized.
Link budget design using path loss
model
Types of path loss model techniques:
(i) Log-distance path loss model
(ii) Log Normal shadowing
Long distance path loss model
The long-distance path loss model is a radio
propagation model that predicts the path
loss a signal encounters inside a building or
densely populated areas.
Both indoor and outdoor radio channels.
It has been repeatedly measured and found
that average received signal power decreases
logarithmically with distance
PL (d) = (d / do )n where n : path loss exponent
or
PL (dB) = PL (do ) + 10 n log (d / do )
n-path loss exponent
Which indicates the rate at which path loss
increases with distance.
n depends on the propagation environment
Bars denote the average of all possible path
loss values fora given value of d .
Log normal shadowing
surrounding clutter not considered by log
distance model.
averaged received power is inconsistent with
measured data.
Measured path loss PL(d) at any location is
random and distributed log normally.
= zero-mean Gaussian distributed random
variable
= standard deviation of
Log normal shadowing
The log normal distribution describes the
random shadowing effects which occurs over
a large number of measurement locations
which have the same T-R separation, but have
different levels of clutter on the propagation
path. This phenomenon is referred to as log
normal shadowing.
Q is a error function used to determine that
the received signal level will exceed or fall
below a particular level.
x 2
1 2
Q(z) = 2 e
z
dx
We know that
Q(-z) = 1- Q(z)
The probability that the received signal level (in
dB power units) will exceed a certain value
Can be calculated from the cumulative density
function as
Pr (d )
Pr [ Pr (d ) ] Q[ ]
