.

, .
, ,
.

:
( *) , ,
, .
.
, .

.

.
.

, ()
, . +
.
( , , *
2 , ) .


,
. :
. ( ).
. ( 6 *1023 . ).
.

.
, .

C1 * V1 = C2 * V2

C2 , V2
, :

C1 * V1
= C2
V2

:
5" ( 1M ) , 5
" .
5"
.

:
10" =V2

? =C2

C1=1M
5" =V1

C2 = C1 * V1 = 1M * 5 = 0.5 M
V2 10

5
 :1

:
2" ( 2% ) , 18
" .
.

! . .
.

:
2" ( 2% ) , 20
" .
.

:
C1 = 2%
" V1 = 2

? = C2
" V2=20

= C2 C1 * V1 = 2 * 2
= 0.2 %
V2 20

:
C1 * V1 = C2 * V2

, .
: , .
( ) .
C1 , :

C2 * V2
= V1
C1

8
.
 2

:2
( 1M ) . 20"
.0.25 M
?
?

:2
( 1M ) . 20"
.0.25 M
?
?

:
C1=1M
? =V1

C2=0.25M
" V2=20

= C1 C2 * V2 " = 0.25 * 20 = 5
V1 1

5" , 15" , 20"

.0.25 M

10
 3

:3
( 1 M ) . 10"
.2
?
?

11


:3
( 1 M ) . 10"
.2
?
?

:
.1M 2 .0.5M
C1=1 M
? =V1

C2=0.5 M
" V2=10
= C1 C2 * V2 " = 0. 5 * 10 = 5
V1 1

5" , 5" , 10"

.5 M

12
 :4

:4
5" 2M 15" .
. ?
. ?

13


:4
5" 2M 15" .
. ?
. ?

:
.
C1=2 M
10" =V1

?=C2
20" =V2

= C2 C1 * V1 = 2 * 20
= 0.5M
V2 20

.
.4

C1 2
= = 4
C2
0.5
14

.

, :
, , .
:

5" 5" 5"

1 2 3
1M 0.5M 0.25M

5" : 5" 5"
2M

: :
. 3% ,4% ,5% :.
. .:
- .2 0.25M , 0.5M , 1M : ( ).
15
- .10 0.1M , 1M , 10M :.
 5 :

:4
: , .
.
! ( , ),
.100%-
0.5" 4.5" , .1
0.5" 1 4.5"
.2
. .1

16
 :5

:4
: , .
.
! ( , ),
.100%-
0.5" 4.5" , .1
0.5" 1 4.5"
.2
. .1

:
.
C1 = 100%
C1 * V1 100 * 0.5 " V1 = 0.5
= C2 = = 10 %
V2 5
1 ? = C2
" V2=5

17
 5 ' :

:5
: , .
.
0.5" 4.5" , .1
0.5" 1 4.5"
.2
. .2

18
 5 ' :

:5
: , .
.
0.5" 4.5" , .1
0.5" 1 4.5"
.2
. .2

:
. 1 .2:

C1 = 10%
" V1 = 0.5

? = C2
" V2=5
C1 * V1 10 * 0.5
= C2 = = 1%
V2 5
2
19
 5 - :

:5
: , .
.
0.5" 4.5" , .1
0.5" 1 4.5"
.2
. 1 ?
. 2 ?1

20
 5 - :
:5
. 1 ?
. 2 ?1

.!
.

100 1 10 .
= = 10
1
10

.
1 10
= = 10
2 1
2 10 .1

21
 :6

:6
.

, .
.3% ()
.2

'

%- " ()3%
(") (")
(")
0 0 12 10 2 0 1
0.5 12 8 2 2 2
1 12 6 2 4 3
1.3 12 4 2 6 4
1.5 12 2 2 8 5

22
 :6

:6
'

%- " ()3%
(") (")
(")
0 0 12 10 2 0 1
0.5 0.5 12 8 2 2 2
1 12 6 2 4 3
1.3 12 4 2 6 4
1.5 12 2 2 8 5

C1 * V1 3 *2 :
= C2 = = 0.5 % C1 = 3%
V2 12
" V1 = 2
2
? = C2
" V2=12

23
 :6

:6
.

.
'
"
%- ()3%
(") (")
(")

0 0 12 10 2 0 1

0.5 0.5 12 8 2 2 2

1 12 6 2 4 3

1.3 12 4 2 6 4

1.5 12 2 2 8 5

24
 :6
'
"
:6
%- ()3%
(") (")
(")

0 0 12 10 2 0 1

0.5 0.5 12 8 2 2 2

1 1 12 6 2 4 3

1.3 1.5 12 4 2 6 4

1.5 2 12 2 2 8 5

:
C1 * V1 3 *4 C1 = 3%
= C2 = = 1% 4" = V1
V2 12

3 ? = C2
12" =V2

C1 = 3%
C1 * V1 3 *6 6" = V1
4 = C2 = = 1.5 %
V2 12 ? = C2
.5 12" =V2
25


.
, .

:
. ( ).
. ( ).

" .
.100%-

"
, .
"
.
26