DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2003. Jakarta:

Departemen Kesehatan RI; 2005.
2. Widaya IW, Gandi. Konsistensi pelaksanaan program serta morbiditas dan
mortalitas diare di era ekonomi dan krisis. Disampaikan pada Kongres
nasional II Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Anak Indonesia (BKGAI); 3-5
Juli 2003; Bandung,.
3. Dinas kesehatan kota Semarang. Profil Kesehatan Kota Semarang 2007,
Pemerintah Kota Semarang, Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang, hal. 27. (cited
June 11, 2008). Avaliable from: URL:http://www.dinkes-kota semarang.go.id/
4. Walker-Smith J. Postenteritis diarrhea. In: E lebenthal, editor. Textbook of
gastroenterology and nutrition in infancy. New York: Raven Press, Ltd; 1989.
p. 1171-86.
5. Lebenthal E. Prolonged small intestinal mucosal injury as a primary cause of
intractable diarrhea. New York : Raven Press. 1984. 5-27.
6. WHO. The treatment of diarrhea, a manual for physicians and other senior
health workers. 4th rev. Geneva, Switzerland : WHO Document Production
Services, 2006.
7. Tim Pendidikan Medik Pemberantasan Diare (PMPD). Buku ajar diare.
Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI; 1999: 3-14.
8. WHO. Implementing the new recommendations on the clinical management
of diarrhea, guidelines for policy makers and programme managers. Geneva,
Switzerland : WHO Document Production Services, 2006.
9. Juffrie M, et al. Diare persisten. In : Modul Pelatihan Diare. 1st ed. UKK
Gastro-Hepatologi IDAI 2009. 29-45.

71
10. Fontaine O. Evidence for the safety and evidence for the safety and efficacy
of zinc supplementation in the management of diarrhea. Sari pediatri 2008 :
14 20.
11. Lukacik M, Thomas RL, Aranda JV. A Meta-analysis of the effects of oral
zinc in the treatment of acute and persistent diarrhea. Pediatrics2008;121;326-
336

12. Hidayat, A. The effect of zinc supplementation in children under three years
of age with acute diarrhoea in Indonesia. Med J Indones, 1998. 7(4); 237-41
13. Endang-Purwaningsih. A community-Based Randomized Controlled Trial of
Iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian Infants : Effect on Child
Morbidities. M Med Indones. 2005; 40(2); 52-60

14. Bhandari N, et al. Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily

zinc supplementation in young north indian children. Pediatrics 2002;109;e86
15. Patel A , Dibley MJ, Mamtani1 M, Badhoniya1 N, Kulkarni H. Zinc and
copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children: a double-blind
randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine, (in press). (cited May 19, 2009).
Avaliable in http : //www.physorg.com/news160724065.html
16. Szajewska H. Probiotics and prebiotics in pediatric : where are we now?
Turkish journal of pediatrics 2007; 49: 231-244
17. Michael de Vrese3*, Marteau, PR. Probiotics and prebiotics: effects on
diarrhea. J. Nutr. 2007. 137: 803S 811S
18. Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Feeding of
Bifidobacterium bifidum and streptococcus thermophilus to infant in hospital
for prevention of diarrhea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994 Oct 15; 344
(8929) : 1046-9
19. Sazawal, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black R . Efficacy of
probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked,
randomised, placebo-controlled trials. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2006;
6(6):374-82

72
20. McFarland LV, Elmer Gindian W, McFarland M. Meta-analysis of probiotics
for the prevention and Treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea. International
Journal of Probiotics and Prebiotics. 2006; 1(1); 63-76.
21. Van Niel, CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Lactobacillus
therapy for acute infectious in children: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2002;
109(4 ): 678-684
22. Shamir R, Makhoul IR, Etzioni A, Shehadeh N. Evaluation of a diet
containing probiotics and zinc the treatment of mild diarrheal illness in
children younger than one year of age. Journal of the american college of
nutrition. 2005 : 370-5
23. Agustina R, et al. The effect of early nutritional supplementation with a
mixture of probiotic, prebiotic, fiber and micronutrients in infant with acute
diarrhea in Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16(3): 435-442.
24. Baldassano RN, Cochran WJ. Diarrhea. In : Altschuler SM, Liacouras CA,
editors. Clinical pediatric gastroenterology. Philadelphia: Churchill
Livingstone; 1998. p.9-18.
25. Guandalini S. Acute diarrhea. In: Walker WA, editor. Pediatric

gastrointestinal disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 4th ed.

Ontario: Decker, Inc; 2004.p 166-79.
26. Roy CC, Silverman A, Alagille D. Diarrheal disorders. In Pediatric clinical
gastroenterology. 4th edition. St Louis : Mosby-Year book, Inc. 1995. p.216-
63.
27. Fisher RG, Boyce TG. Gastrointestinal
infectious diseases a problem-oriented approach. 4th ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2005. p420-43.
28. El Mouzan MI. Chronic diarrhea in children : Part I, physiology,
pathophysiology, etiology. Saudi J Gastroenterol 1995;1:37-42
29. Fardah A, Ranuh RG, Sudarmo SM. Diare. [cited in August 2009]. Avaliable
from: URL: http : www. pediatrik.com

73
30. Riedel BD, Ghishan FK. Acute Diarrhea. In Pediatric Gastrointestinal disease:
pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 2nd Ed. St Louis Missouri:
Mosby;1996. p251-62.
31. Guarino A, De Marco G. Persistent Diarrhea. In : Walker WA. et al, editors.
Pediatric gastrointestinal diseasse pathophysiology, diagnosis, management.
4thed. Ontario: Decker Inc. 2004.p.180-91.
32. Veereman-Wauters, Taminiau J. Diarrhea. In: Pediatric gastrointestinal and
liver disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia:
Elsevier, Inc; 2006. p151-7.

33. Wahbeh GT, Christie DL. Basic aspects of digestion and absorption. In :
Wyllie R. Hyams JS, Kay M, editors. Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver
disease. 3rded. Philadelphia : Elsevier, Inc;2006.p.11-23.
34. Lebenthal E. Prolonged small intestinal mucosal injury as a primary cause of
intractable diarrhea. New York : Raven Press; 1984.p.5-27.
35. Lubis CP. Peranan air susu ibu dalam mencegah diare dan penyakit usus
lainnya. (cited January 19, 2009). .Avaliable from: URL : http :
library.usu.ac.id.

36. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Manajemen laktasi, buku panduan bagi bidan dan
petugas kesehatan di Puskesmas. Departemen Kesehatan RI Direktorat Jendral
Bina Kesehatan Masyarakat Direktorat Gizi Masyarakat. Jakarta. 2005: p.8-
10.
37. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, Mercedes de onis, Ezzati M,
et all. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposure and
health consequenses. Lancet 2008; 371: 243-60.
38. Arifeen S, Black RE, Antelman G, Baqui A, Caulfield Becker S. Exclusive
breastfeeding reduces acute respiratory infection and diarrhea deaths among
infant in dhaka slums. Pediatrics 2001; 108;e67

74
39. Adisasmito W. Faktor risiko diare pada bayi dan balita di indonesia:

systematic review penelitian akademik bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Makara

kesehatan 2007; 11(1): 1-10
40. Strina A, Cairncross S, Barreto M.L, Larrea C, Prado MS. Childhood diarrhea
and observed hygiene behavior in salvador brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:
1032-1038
41. Partawihardja IS. Tinjauan terapi nutrisi pada diare anak. Pidato pengukuhan
guru besar madya Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Diponegoro Semarang, 1994
42. Guidelines for management of acute diarrhea after a disaster. CDC. (last
updated September 14, 2008; cited April 19, 2009). Avaliable from :
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/disease/diarrrheaguidelines.asp
43. Rosalina I. Efikasi pemberian zinc pada diare dalam Naskah lengkap
Konggres nasional III Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Anak Indonesia.
Penanganan optimal masalah saluran cerna dan hati pada anak. Surabaya 2007
44. Grooper S.S.et al. Micromineral, Advanced Nutrition and Human

Metabolism. Fourth edition. USA, Wadsworth Thomson Learning, Inc. 2005.

p. 417-446
45. Grider A. Zinc, copper, and manganese dalam Stipanuk MH. Biochemical,
physiological, & molecular aspects of human nutrition 2nd ed. Missouri.
Elsevier. 2006: p1043-65
46. Pudjiadi S. Ilmu Gizi Klinis pada anak. Edisi ke empat. Jakarta, Balai Penerbit
FKUI, 2000
47. Baqui AH, Black RE, Walker CLF, Arifeen S, Zaman K. Zinc
supplementation and serum zinc during diarrhea. Indian Journal of Pediatric.
2006; 73 (6) : 493-497
48. Bakri A. Peranan mikronutrien seng dalam pencegahan dan penanggulangan
diare dalam kumpulan makalah kongres nasional II badan koordinasi
gastroenterology anak Indonesia (BKGAI). Bandung, 3-5 Juli 2003: p.132-39.

75
49. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function : the biological basis of
altered resistence to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1998:68: 447S-63S
50. Rundles SC. Zinc and Immune function; The importance of zinc on health.
Available in http://www.zincworld.org
51. Scott ME. Koski KG. Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against
parasitic nematode infections at intestinal and systemic sites. J Nutr 2000;
130:1412S-20S
52. Roy SK, Behrens RH, Haider R, Akramuzzaman SM, Mahalanabis D, Wahed
MA, et al. Impact of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in
Bangladesh children with acute diarrhea and persisten diarrhea syndrome. J
Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992: 15: p 289-96
53. Wapnir RA. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract. J Nutr
2000;130a: 1388S-92S
54. 1 Baratawidjaja KG. 6 ed Imunologi dasar. Jakarta. 2006. p. 6 33
55. Rahman MM, et al. Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in
Bangladeshi children: randomized double blind controlled trial. BMJ
2001;323; p.314-318.
56. Baqui AH, dkk. Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhea on
morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomized
trial. BMJ 2002; 325;1059.
57. Aggarwal R, Sentz J dan Miller MA. Role of Zinc Administration in
Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Illnesses: A Meta-analysis.
Pediatrics 2007;119;1120-1130.
58.
meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;324;1361.
59. Cabana MD, et al. Probiotics in primary care pediatrics. Clin Pediatr (Phila)
2006; 45; 405.

76
60. Boriello S.P, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, Marteau P, Schrezenmeir J, Vaara
M, et all. Safety of Probiotics that contain Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria.
Clinical Infectious Disease 2003; 36: 775-80
61. Annonymous. Concepts for Modulation of the Intestinal Flora. (cited May 11,
2009). Avaliable from : http : // www.nutrition-partner.com/ data/
DF8A14B013DB4B
62. Heyman M. Effect of lactic acid acteria on diarrheal disease. Journal of the
American College of Nutrition. 2000 : 19;2: 137S-146S
63. Szajewska H, Kotowska M, Mrukowicz J, Armaska M, Mikolajczyk W.
Lactobacillus GG in prevention of diarrhea in hospitalized children. J Pediatr
2001; 138: 361-365.
64. Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Balbo L, Russo R. Lactobacillus GG
and breast feeding in prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. J Pediatr
Gastr Nutr 2002; 35: 527-531.
65. Chouraqui JP, Van Egroo LD, Fichot MC. Acidified milk formula
supplemented with bifidobacterium lactis: impact on infant diarrhea in
residential care setting. J. Pediatrt Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38 : 288-292.
66. Madiyono B, Moeslichan S, Sastroasmoro S, Budiman I, Purwanto SH.
Perkiraan besar sampel dalam Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S. Dasar-dasar
metodologi penelitian klinis. Jakarta. Sagung seto. 2002. p.259-86

67. Endang-Purwaningsih. Pengaruh suplementasi seng dan besi terhadap

pertumbuhan, perkembangan psikomotorik dan kognitif bayi: uji lapangan di
indramayu jawa barat. Disertasi program doctoral fakultas kesehatan
masyarakat Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta, 2001
68. Gibson RS. Nutritional Assesment. Oxford university press. 2005: p123-145
69. Sudigbia I. Pengaruh suplementasi tempe terhadap kecepatan tumbuh pada
penderita diare anak umur 6-24 bulan. Universitas Diponegoro, 1990:7-37.
Disertasi.

77
70. Adisasmito W. Faktor risiko diare pada bayi dan balita di indonesia:

systematic review penelitian akademik bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Makara

kesehatan 2007; 11(1): 1-10
71. Strina A, Cairncross S, Barreto M.L, Larrea C, Prado MS. Childhood diarrhea
and observed hygiene behavior in salvador brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:
1032-1038
72. King JC, Shames DM, Woodhouse LR. Zinc homeostasis in human. J Nutr
2000;130:1360S-66S.
73. Artana WD, Suraatmaja S, Aryasa KN, Suandi IKG. Peran suplementasi
mineral mikro seng terhadap kesembuhan diare. Sari pediatric 2005:15-18

78
 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2003. Jakarta:

Departemen Kesehatan RI; 2005.
2. Widaya IW, Gandi. Konsistensi pelaksanaan program serta morbiditas dan
mortalitas diare di era ekonomi dan krisis. Disampaikan pada Kongres
nasional II Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Anak Indonesia (BKGAI); 3-5
Juli 2003; Bandung,.

3. Dinas kesehatan kota Semarang. Profil Kesehatan Kota Semarang 2007,

Pemerintah Kota Semarang, Dinas Kesehatan Kota Semarang, hal. 27. (cited
June 11, 2008). Avaliable from: URL:http://www.dinkes-kota semarang.go.id/
4. Walker-Smith J. Postenteritis diarrhea. In: E lebenthal, editor. Textbook of
gastroenterology and nutrition in infancy. New York: Raven Press, Ltd; 1989.
p. 1171-86.
5. Lebenthal E. Prolonged small intestinal mucosal injury as a primary cause of
intractable diarrhea. New York : Raven Press. 1984. 5-27.
6. WHO. The treatment of diarrhea, a manual for physicians and other senior
health workers. 4th rev. Geneva, Switzerland : WHO Document Production
Services, 2006.
7. Tim Pendidikan Medik Pemberantasan Diare (PMPD). Buku ajar diare.
Jakarta: Departemen Kesehatan RI; 1999: 3-14.
8. WHO. Implementing the new recommendations on the clinical management
of diarrhea, guidelines for policy makers and programme managers. Geneva,
Switzerland : WHO Document Production Services, 2006.

79
9. Juffrie M, dkk. Diare persisten. In : Modul Pelatihan Diare. 1st ed. UKK
Gastro-Hepatologi IDAI 2009. 29-45.
10. Fontaine O. Evidence for the Safety and Evidence for the safety and efficacy
of zinc supplementation in the management of diarrhea. Sari pediatri 2008 :
14 20.
11. Lukacik M, Thomas RL, Aranda JV. A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Oral
Zinc in the Treatment of Acute and Persistent Diarrhea.

Pediatrics2008;121;326-336
12. Hidayat, A. The effect of zinc supplementation in children under three years
of age with acute diarrhoea in Indonesia. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 1998.
7(4, December):. 237-241.
13. Endang-Purwaningsih. A community-Based Randomized Controlled Trial of
Iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian Infants : Effect on Child
Morbidities. MMI. 2005; 40(2); 52-60
14. Bhandari N, et al. Substantial reduction in severe diarrheal morbidity by daily
zinc supplementation in young north indian children. Pediatrics 2002;109;e86
15. Patel A , Dibley MJ, Mamtani1 M, Badhoniya1 N, Kulkarni H. Zinc and
copper supplementation in acute diarrhea in children: a double-blind
randomized controlled trial. BMC Medicine, (in press). (cited May 19, 2009).
Avaliable in http : //www.physorg.com/news160724065.html
16. Szajewska H. Probiotics and prebiotics in pediatric : where are we now?
Turkish journal of pediatrics 2007; 49: 231-244
17. Michael de Vrese3*, Marteau, PR. Probiotics and prebiotics: effects on
diarrhea. J. Nutr. 2007. 137: 803S 811S
18. Saavedra JM, Bauman NA, Oung I, Perman JA, Yolken RH. Feeding of
Bifidobacterium bifidum and streptococcus thermophilus to infant in hospital
for prevention of diarrhea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet. 1994 Oct 15; 344
(8929) : 1046-9

80
19. Sazawal, Hiremath G, Dhingra U, Malik P, Deb S, Black R . Efficacy of
probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked,
randomised, placebo-controlled trials. The Lancet Infectious Disease 2006;
6(6):374-82
20. McFarland LV, Elmer Gindian W, McFarland M. Meta-analysis of probiotics
for the prevention and Treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea. International
Journal of Probiotics and Prebiotics. 2006; 1(1); 63-76.
21. Van Niel, CW, Feudtner C, Garrison MM, Christakis DA. Lactobacillus
therapy for acute infectious in children: A meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2002;
109(4 ): 678-684
22. Shamir R, Makhoul IR, Etzioni A, Shehadeh N. Evaluation of a diet
containing probiotics and zinc the treatment of mild diarrheal illness in
children younger than one year of age. Journal of the american college of
nutrition. 2005 : 370-5
23. Agustina R, et al. The effect of early nutritional supplementation with a
mixture of probiotic, prebiotic, fiber and micronutrients in infant with acute
diarrhea in Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2007; 16(3): 435-442.
24. Baldassano RN, Cochran WJ. Diarrhea. In : Altschuler SM, Liacouras CA,
editors. Clinical pediatric gastroenterology. Philadelphia: Churchill
Livingstone; 1998. p.9-18.
25. Guandalini S. Acute diarrhea. In: Walker WA, editor. Pediatric
gastrointestinal disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 4th ed.
Ontario: Decker, Inc; 2004.p 166-79.
26. Roy CC, Silverman A, Alagille D. Diarrheal disorders. In Pediatric clinical
gastroenterology. 4th edition. St Louis : Mosby-Year book, Inc. 1995. p.216-
63.

81
27.
infectious diseases a problem-oriented approach. 4th ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2005. p420-43.
28. El Mouzan MI. Chronic diarrhea in children : Part I, physiology,
pathophysiology, etiology. Saudi J Gastroenterol 1995;1:37-42
29. Fardah A, Ranuh RG, Sudarmo SM. Diare. [cited in August 2009]. Avaliable
from: URL: http : www. pediatrik.com
30. Riedel BD, Ghishan FK. Acute Diarrhea. In Pediatric Gastrointestinal disease:
pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 2nd Ed. St Louis Missouri:
Mosby;1996. p251-62.
31. Guarino A, De Marco G. Persistent Diarrhea. In : Walker WA. et al, editors.
Pediatric gastrointestinal diseasse pathophysiology, diagnosis, management.
4thed. Ontario: Decker Inc. 2004.p.180-91.
32. Veereman-Wauters, Taminiau J. Diarrhea. In: Pediatric gastrointestinal and
liver disease, pathophysiology, diagnosis, management. 3rd ed. Philadelphia:
Elsevier, Inc; 2006. p151-7.

33. Wahbeh GT, Christie DL. Basic aspects of digestion and absorption. In :
Wyllie R. Hyams JS, Kay M, editors. Pediatric gastrointestinal and liver
disease. 3rded. Philadelphia : Elsevier, Inc;2006.p.11-23.
34. Lebenthal E. Prolonged small intestinal mucosal injury as a primary cause of
intractable diarrhea. New York : Raven Press; 1984.p.5-27.
35. Lubis CP. Peranan air susu ibu dalam mencegah diare dan penyakit usus
lainnya. (cited January 19, 2009). .Avaliable from: URL : http :
library.usu.ac.id.
36. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Manajemen laktasi, buku panduan bagi bidan dan
petugas kesehatan di Puskesmas. Departemen Kesehatan RI Direktorat Jendral

82
 Bina Kesehatan Masyarakat Direktorat Gizi Masyarakat. Jakarta. 2005: p.8-
10.
37. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, Mercedes de onis, Ezzati M,
et all. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposure and
health consequenses. Lancet 2008; 371: 243-60.
38. Arifeen S, Black RE, Antelman G, Baqui A, Caulfield Becker S. Exclusive
breastfeeding reduces acute respiratory infection and diarrhea deaths among
infant in dhaka slums. Pediatrics 2001; 108;e67
39. Adisasmito W. Faktor risiko diare pada bayi dan balita di indonesia:

systematic review penelitian akademik bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Makara

kesehatan 2007; 11(1): 1-10
40. Strina A, Cairncross S, Barreto M.L, Larrea C, Prado MS. Childhood diarrhea
and observed hygiene behavior in salvador brazil. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:
1032-1038
41. Partawihardja IS. Tinjauan terapi nutrisi pada diare anak dalam pidato
pengukuhan guru besar madya Ilmu Kesehatan Anak Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, 1994
42. Guidelines for management of acute diarrhea after a disaster. CDC. (last
updated September 14, 2008; cited April 19, 2009). Avaliable from :
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/disasters/disease/diarrrheaguidelines.asp
43. Rosalina I. Efikasi pemberian zinc pada diare dalam Naskah lengkap
Konggres nasional III Badan Koordinasi Gastroenterologi Anak Indonesia.
Penanganan optimal masalah saluran cerna dan hati pada anak. Surabaya 2007
44. Grooper S.S.et al. Micromineral, Advanced Nutrition and Human
Metabolism. Fourth edition. USA, Wadsworth Thomson Learning, Inc. 2005.
p. 417-446

83
45. Grider A. Zinc, copper, and manganese dalam Stipanuk MH. Biochemical,
physiological, & molecular aspects of human nutrition 2nd ed. Missouri.
Elsevier. 2006: p1043-65
46. Pudjiadi S. Ilmu Gizi Klinis pada anak. Edisi ke empat. Jakarta, Balai Penerbit
FKUI, 2000
47. Baqui AH, Black RE, Walker CLF, Arifeen S, Zaman K. Zinc
supplementation and serum zinc during diarrhea. Indian Journal of Pediatric.
2006; 73 (6) : 493-497

48. Bakri A. Peranan mikronutrien seng dalam pencegahan dan penanggulangan

diare dalam kumpulan makalah kongres nasional II badan koordinasi
gastroenterology anak Indonesia (BKGAI). Bandung, 3-5 Juli 2003: p.132-39.
49. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function : the biological basis of
altered resistence to infection. Am J Clin Nutr 1998:68: 447S-63S
50. Rundles SC. Zinc and Immune function; The importance of zinc on health.
Available in http://www.zincworld.org
51. Scott ME. Koski KG. Zinc deficiency impairs immune responses against
parasitic nematode infections at intestinal and systemic sites. J Nutr 2000;
130:1412S-20S

52. Roy SK, Behrens RH, Haider R, Akramuzzaman SM, Mahalanabis D, Wahed
MA, et al. Impact of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in
Bangladesh children with acute diarrhea and persisten diarrhea syndrome. J
Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992: 15: p 289-96
53. Wapnir RA. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition and the gastrointestinal tract. J Nutr
2000;130a: 1388S-92S
54. 54 Baratawidjaja KG. 6 ed Imunologi dasar. Jakarta. 2006. p. 6 33
55. Rahman MM, et al. Simultaneous zinc and vitamin A supplementation in
Bangladeshi children: randomized double blind controlled trial. BMJ
2001;323; p.314-318.

84
56. Baqui AH, dkk. Effect of zinc supplementation started during diarrhea on
morbidity and mortality in Bangladeshi children: community randomized
trial. BMJ 2002; 325;1059.
57. Aggarwal R, Sentz J dan Miller MA. Role of Zinc Administration in
Prevention of Childhood Diarrhea and Respiratory Illnesses: A Meta-analysis.
Pediatrics 2007;119;1120-1130.
58.
meta-analysis. BMJ 2002;324;1361.
59. Cabana MD, et al. Probiotics in primary care pediatrics. Clin Pediatr (Phila)
2006; 45; 405.
60. Boriello S.P, Hammes WP, Holzapfel W, Marteau P, Schrezenmeir J, Vaara
M, et all. Safety of Probiotics that contain Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria.
Clinical Infectious Disease 2003; 36: 775-80
61. Annonymous. Concepts for Modulation of the Intestinal Flora. (cited May 11,
2009). Avaliable from : http : // www.nutrition-partner.com/ data/
DF8A14B013DB4B
62. Heyman M. Effect of lactic acid acteria on diarrheal disease. Journal of the
American College of Nutrition. 2000 : 19;2: 137S-146S
63. Szajewska H, Kotowska M, Mrukowicz J, Armaska M, Mikolajczyk W.
Lactobacillus GG in prevention of diarrhea in hospitalized children. J Pediatr
2001; 138: 361-365.
64. Mastretta E, Longo P, Laccisaglia A, Balbo L, Russo R. Lactobacillus GG
and breast feeding in prevention of rotavirus nosocomial infection. J Pediatr
Gastr Nutr 2002; 35: 527-531.
65. Chouraqui JP, Van Egroo LD, Fichot MC. Acidified milk formula
supplemented with bifidobacterium lactis: impact on infant diarrhea in
residential care setting. J. Pediatrt Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38 : 288-292.

85
66. Madiyono B, Moeslichan S, Sastroasmoro S, Budiman I, Purwanto SH.
Perkiraan besar sampel dalam Sastroasmoro S, Ismael S. Dasar-dasar
metodologi penelitian klinis. Jakarta. 2002 :259-86
67. Endang-Purwaningsih. Pengaruh suplementasi seng dan besi terhadap
pertumbuhan, perkembangan psikomotorik dan kognitif bayi: uji lapangan di
indramayu jawa barat. Disertasi program doctoral fakultas kesehatan
masyarakat Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta, 2001

68. Gibson RS. Nutritional Assesment. Oxford university press. 2005: p123-145
69. Sudigbia I. Pengaruh suplementasi tempe terhadap kecepatan tumbuh pada
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