Database

Management
System

Lecture - 10
Minimum Cardinality
Determines whether the link is
compulsory or optional
Important, since it effects the
implementation
Cardinality Example
STD BOOK

EMP PROJ

STD COURSE

STD HOBBY
Other Notations

STD BOOK

STD HOBBY

PROJ EMP
Other Notations

STD 1 M
BOOK

STD M 1
HOBBY

PROJ M M
EMP
Other Notations

DEPT 1 1
CHAIR

STD 1
BOOK

PROJ EMP
 Roles in Relationships
Determine the role ETs play in
a relationship
Most of the time is clear from
the context, like in STD and
COURSE relationship
Roles in Relationships
Two situation when they
should be expressed explicitly
A one to one relationship
Two ETs having more than
one relationship
Roles Examples

ENROLS
STD ENROLMENT ENROLLED
BY
COURSE

HEADS

FACUL-
HEAD
TY
HEADED BY
Roles Examples
STD_TEACH

STD FACULTY

STD_SUP
 Dependencies
A type of constraint
Existence dependency
Identifier dependency
Referential Dependency
Existence Dependency
bkId
bkId

BOOK
BOOK
COPY
bkTitle CopyId
Enhancements in E-R Data Model
 EE-R Data Model
Different proposals
Most common feature is
representation of supertypes and
subtypes
A popular feature of Object
Oriented paradigm
 Super/Subtypes
Also called generalization/
specialization
Supertype is called a General
Entity type whereas subtypes
are the specializations
 Super/Subtypes
General Entity Types

ST PERSON

ST1 ST2 ST3 STD FAC

Specialized Entity Types

Super/Subtypes
EMP

Grade NoOfHrs

SALARIED HOURLY

AnalSal HourlyRate
Super/Subtypes
Id

Address Name

PERSON

StId Qual

STD FAC

CGPA ClsName Grade

 Database
Management
System

Lecture - 10