FLUE GAS ANALYSER

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CONTENTS

Introduction

Flue gas components

Sampling

Flue gas analysis methods

Units of measurement

Conclusion
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References
INTRODUCTION
Exhaust gas generated through combustion processes is called flue
gas or stack gas.

The exhaust gas in its original status is called raw gas, after cleaning
it is called clean gas.

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FACTORS DETERMINING COMPOSITION OF
FLUE GAS

type of fuel
the fuel air ratio

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CONSTITUENT OF FLUE GAS
Nitrogen & its oxides
Oxides of carbon

Oxides of sulphur

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 5%
5%

NITROGEN
13%
CO2,CO

OXYGEN

OXIDES OF
N2,S,H2O,OTHERS
77%

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COMPONENTS OF FLUE GAS

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NEED FOR FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
Many flue gas components are air pollutants and must
therefore, due to governmental regulations be eliminated
or minimized by special cleaning procedures before the
gas is released to the atmosphere
An analysis of the flue gases gives evidence of
efficiency of combustion and is a prime factor
in controlling the operation for maximum results
and in arriving at improvements in design.
Flue gas analysis indicates the air to fuel ratio.

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 It is often desirable to predict the quantity and analysis of
the products of combustion to determine flue sizes and
furnace pressure and to predict the magnitude of stack
or flue gas losses.

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 SAMPLING
Samples of flue gases are taken by means of a
tube and an aspirator bulb being drawn either
directly into the analyzer or stored in glass
sampling tubes for analysis at a later date.
Sample tubes must be made of a gas tight
material and it depends on temperature as
follows:

APPARATUS TEMPERATURE
Uncooled metal tube Upto 250 centigrades

Combustion glass Upto 500 centigrades

Water cooled metal tube 13

Above 500 centigrades
ORSAT TYPE

FYRITE TESTER

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ORSAT ANALYSER
An Orsat gas analyser is a piece of laboratory
equipment used to analyse a gas sample
(typically fossil fuel flue gas) for its oxygen,
carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide content.

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CONSTRUCTION

The apparatus consists essentially of a calibrated

water-jacketed gas burette connected by glass
capillary tubing to two or three absorption
pipettes containing chemical solutions that
absorb the gasses it is required to measure. For
safety and portability, the apparatus is usually
encased in a wooden box.
Pippete contains the absorbent

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ABSORBENT USED
Potassium Hydroxide - carbondioxide
Alkaline pyrogallol-oxygen

ammoniacal Cuprous chloride- carbon monoxide

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FYRITE TESTER
A fyrite is a volumetric gas analysis
device. The device is used to measure the
concentration of a selected gas in a sample of
gas. The gas is selected by choosing the
composition of the liquid inside the analyzer.

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THE ANALYZER LOOKS LIKE THIS (THIS
ONE IS FOR CO2 MEASUREMENT):

Before absorption After absorption

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CONSTRUCTION

Chamber: The chamber has a reservoir at the

bottom containing the fyrite fluid. The narrow
column in the middle is where the measurement
takes place. At rest, the chamber is sealed with a
spring-loaded plunger and is air tight.
Measurement Scale: The graduated scale along
the narrow measurement column is used to
measure the gas concentration. On the pictured
device, the scale is adjustable to correct for
variation in fluid volume.

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CONSTRUCTION

Plunger: The spring-loaded plunger on top

allows for the introduction of a gas sample into
the chamber and for resealing of the chamber
once the sample is taken (see image below).
Diaphragm: The bottom of the chamber where
the fluid sits is made out of soft, flexible rubber.

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CONSTRUCTION

Fluid: The fyrite fluid is mostly water. For the

CO2 fyrite, the active ingredient is potassium
hydroxide (KOH). The CO2 solution is colored
red for identification (The O2 solution is blue).
The O2 solution has a bunch of ingredients and I
havet bothered to figure out how it works since I
rarely use it (but maybe I will later).

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ELECTRICAL GAS ANALYSER

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MAGNETIC GAS ANALYSER

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 The gas concentration is measured in ppm. Ppm means part per millions.
100 ppm is equivalent to 0.01%,1000 ppm is equivalent to 0.1%,10000
ppm is equivalent to 1%. Pollutants can be measured in mg/Nm3 (
milligrams per cubic meter ). This is mass refer to a volume in normal
condition ( 0C 1013 mBar ). Ppm is converted in this unit with a
coefficient differen t for each gas.
Example : CO mg/Nm3 = CO ppm x 1.25
The conversion to an energy related unit can again be done by
multiplying a constant which is different for individual
gases(mg/kWh :milligrams per kilowatt-hour of energy ).
Example : CO mg/kWh = CO ppm x 1.074

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