Cellular Physiology

Gian Carlo Delante, PhB PTRP RPT

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Basic Cell Organelles
 Basic Cell Organelles 3.3
Nucleolus site of ribosome synthesis
Nucleus information center of the cell
Centriole directs cellular division and
reproduction
Ribosome creates proteins
Mitochondrion - produces energy thru cellular
respiration
Plasma Membrane barrier to outside
environment
Golgi Apparatus packages and releases
Cell Membrane Structure 3.5
Phospholipids
Membrane Proteins
Membrane Proteins
Receptors
for the attachment of
chemical hormones and
neurotransmitters
Enzymes
help with chemical reactions
or breakdown molecules
Ion Channels
allow water-soluble
substances, like ions, into
the cell
 Membrane Proteins and Transport
Mechanisms
Endocytosis/exocytosis (pinocytosis for small
molecules) 3.8
Diffusion through the lipid bilayer (in the case
of fat-soluble molecules)
Diffusion through protein channels (in the
case of water and water-soluble molecules)
Facilitated diffusion
Active diffusion
 Diffusion
Movement of molecules
Chemical Concentration Gradient
from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
Electrical Gradient
positively charged ions move toward negatively
charged areas (and vice versa)

Electrochemical equilibrium
 Diffusion
Lipid-Soluble Substances
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, and some
steroid hormones
Phospholipid-bilayer membrane

Water-Soluble Substances
Water and many ions such as Na+ and K+
Protein channels
 Factors Affecting Diffusion
Size of protein channels
Molecular charge
Electrochemical gradient
Number of protein channels
 Types of Transport Mechanisms
Passive Transport
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion

Active Transport
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport (co-transport)

Difference in terms of:

Energy utilization
 Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from low
solute concentration to high solute
concentration
Or from high solvent concentration to low
solvent concentration or DOWN its
concentration gradient
 Tonicity of a Solution
Isotonic solution
Cell would swell or shrink?
Hypotonic solution
Cell would swell of shrink?
Hypertonic solution
Cell would swell or shrink?
Concentration Gradients and
Membrane Permeabilities
Membrane Potentials
 Na-K Pump
Pumps out 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions
pumped in
Active transport mechanism
ATP
 Function of the Na-K Pump
Without the Na-K Pump most cells would
swell until they burst
Resting membrane potential maintenance
Significance of RMP
Ignition of action potentials needed for the
propagation of impulses by different tissues in
the body