Background :

Intensive Care Unit (ICU):

The ICU is a unit of the task to care for suffer from serious diseases. It
consists of an integrated medical Headed by a specialist doctor
(department head) in addition to medical corridor and a doctor of
physical therapy and a specialist for anesthesia all these are found to
monitor the patient's condition-hour entry into the hospital until her
departure.
Equipment :
Equipment include ICU bed , ICU monitor , Mobile X-ray , Defibrillator ,
Infusion pump, syringe pump, Ventilator, Ambo bag adult , Oxygen
Cylinder

Oxygen regulator, Suction Machine, ECG Machine, Diagnostic set

Stethoscope, Sphygmomanometer, X-ray viewer box, Laryngoscope,
blood gas analyzer , Central Monitor Station, Adult scale, U/S
Figure(2- 1): Pation in ICU Room
 Literature Review:
Bayan College For Science And Technology Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Mr. Alkatim Mohammed , in August 2015, the study aimed to assess
the health care in the twenty seven units studied regarding personal working in
these units , unit design and architectural facilities , organizational system ,
The study done in 27 intensive care units in Khartoum state. A questionnaire
form designed was distributed to the workers in these units, the questions are
concerned with: unit design and architectural facilities, organizational featuring,
medical and nursery usual practices, preventive maintenance.
All the data processed and interpreted by using SPSS. The research shows: there
are poor results regarding of intensive care beds, isolation rooms. {3}
ICU planning and design in India 2010 Dr. Narendra Rungta setting about the
standard for medical device in the intensive care unit of loneliness that there is
12 beds{4}.
 The basics concept of ICU design is maximum surveillance and easy access to
patient. The patient is never compromised. All beds in this unit are to be
arranged in glazed cubicles as general ward with a centrally located Nursing
Station. Bed spaces per cubicle have to be 10.5 sq.m. Each cubicle to be provided
with over head railing and curtain so that it can be screened off it need be. Each
bed has to be provided minimum four power points (2 five amp and 2 fifteen
amp) with proper earthing. Adequate air conditioning (10-12 air changes per
hour, 16-27 degree temperature and 60-70% humidity) of the complete unit is a
must. Stand by generator connection to ICU is essential. Ward has to be
adequately illuminated with separate control for each light. It is preferable to
have walled mounted Cardiac monitor, piped oxygen supply and separate suction
machine for each bed. Conductive floors are preferable because lots of electrical
equipments are required to be used.{1}
 Methodology :-
To enhance our knowledge we did survey on some hospital around . We
Identified the ICU in terms of the devices used , The number of Nurses , the
Number of Beds and the number of patients in each and how for each Bed of
Others.
Secondary we have been visited the ministry of Health and got the stander which
should be followed by all hospitals we studied some papers including (ICU)
evaluation in Khartoum , ICU planning and design in India . clinical engineering
handbook .
We set design questioner and the next step been showed the design to one
expert person who did the evaluation for the design .
We planning to do questioner analysis by (SPSS) program which is statistic
program analysis to make sure from the result .
Finally we planning to make Proposed design for the (ICU).
Block diagram

Survey of hospital

Study international Standers

Design Questioner

Questioner Analysis

Proposed design
Result

Table No (1) Gender

Frequency Percent
Male 12 40.0 From above table the

Female 18 60.0 number of Male 40.0% and

Female 60.0%.
Total 30 100.0
Fig No (1) Gender
 Table No (2) Age
Frequency Percent
Less Than 20 0 0
From 20 to 30 years 26 86.7
From table the number of Age
From 30-40 years 3 10.0 86.7% from 20 to 30 years and
From 30-40 years 10.0% and 50
From 40 - 50 years 0 0 years and above3.3% and not find
age Less Than 20 and From 40 -
50 years and above 1 3.3 50 years
Total 30 100.0
Fig No (2) Age
Table No (3) Academic Qualifications:

Frequency Percent
From table the number
Diploma 6 20.0 of Academic
Qualifications:
Bachelor 21 70.0 Diploma 20.0% and
Master 2 6.7 Bachelor 70.0% and
PhD 1 3.3 Masters 6.7% and
Other 0 0.0 Ph.D3.3% and Not
Total 30 100.0 Find Other

Fig No (3) Academic Qualifications:

 Table No (4) Specialization:

Frequency Percent
From table the number of
Medical Engineer 8 26.7 Specialization Medical
Medical Officer 3 10.0 Engineer 26.7% and
Medical Officer
Specialist Doctor 1 3.3 10.0% and Specialist
Nurse 18 60.0 Doctor 3.3% and
Total 30 100.0 Nurse60.0%
Fig No (4) Specialization:
 Table No (5) Years of Experience:

Frequency Percent From above table the number of

Less than 5 years 23 76.7 Years of Experience Less than 5
from 5-10 years 4 13.3 years 76.7% and from 5-10 years
from 10-15 years 2 6.7 13.3% and from 10-15 years
15 year and above 1 3.3 6.7% and 15 year and above
Total 30 100.0
Fig No (5) Years of Experience:
3.3%
 Table No (6) Location of ICU Unit

Frequency Percent From table the number of

Neighboring to Location of ICU
12 40.0
Operations Room Unit40.0% neighboring to
Near Operations Room 13 43.3 Operations Room and Near
5 meter from the Operations Room 43.3%
5 16.7
Operations Room and meter from the
Total 30 100.0 Operations Room 16.7%
Fig No (6) Location of ICU Unit
Table No (7) Area of the ICU Unit by square meter

Frequency Percent
Fig No (7) Area of the ICU Unit by square meter
6 x 8 mt 1 3.3
12 x 7 mt 1 3.3
6 x 9 mt 4 13.3
40 x 35 mt 1 3.3
6 x 10 mt 3 10.0
12 x 6 mt 1 3.3
20 x 16 mt 4 13.3
7 x 4 mt 2 6.7
7 x 10 mt 1 3.3
6 x 7 mt 1 3.3
12 x 8 mt 3 10.0
18 x 16 mt 2 6.7
6 x 4 mt 4 13.3
8 x 8 mt 1 3.3
12 x 7.5 mt 1 3.3
Total 30 100.0

From above table the Area of the

ICU Unit by square meter 6 x 8 mt
3.3% and 12 x 7 mt3.3% 6 x 9 mt
13.3% and 40 x 35 mt 3.3% 6 x 10
mt10.0% and 12 x 6 mt 3.3%20 x 16
mt 13.3%7 x 4 mt 6.7% 7 x 10 mt
3.3% 6 x 7 mt 3.3% 12 x 8 mt10.0%
 Table No (8) Ease of movement for patients inside the ICU
Frequency Percent From table the
There are paths with width 1.5 mt. 14 46.7 number of patients
There are paths with width 2 mt. 10 33.3
inside the ICU 46.7
There are paths with width 3 mt. 4 13.3
% There are paths
There are paths with width 4 mt. 2 6.7
with width 1.5 mt.
Total 30 100.0
and There are paths
Fig No (8) Ease of movement for patients inside the ICU
with width 2
mt.33.3% and
There are paths
with width 3 mt
13.3% and There
are paths with
width 4 mt6.7%
 Table No (9) Outlet and lighting of ICU

Frequency Percent
Agree 23 76.7
Disagree 7 23.3
Total 30 100.0

From above table the number of Outlet and lighting of ICU76.7% Agree and Disagree 23.3%
Fig No (9) Outlet and lighting of ICU
 Table No (10) The distance between each bed and the other

Frequency Percent From table the number of

The distance between each
1.5 mt. 16 53.3
bed and the other
2 mt. 11 36.7 1.5mt.53.3%and 2 mt36.7%
2.5 mt. 3 10.0
3 mt 0 0.0 2.5 mt.10.0% not find 3
Total 30 100.0 mt

Fig No (10) The distance between each bed and the other
Table No (11) Temperature control inside the ICU

Frequency Percent from table the number of Temperature

Available 29 96.7 control inside the ICU Available
Not available 1 3.3 96.7% Not available 3.3%

Total 30 100.0

Fig No (11) Temperature control inside the ICU

 Table No (12) Waiting area

Frequency Percent From above table the number

Available 12 40.0 of waiting area Available
Not available 18 60.0 40.0% Not available 60.0%
Total 30 100.0

Fig No (12) Waiting area

 Table No (13) Area of rest room
Frequency Percent From table the number of Area of
4x4mt 6 20.0 rest room Area of rest room20.0%
2.5 x 3 mt 3 10.0 2.5 x 3 mt 10.0% and2 x 1.5
2 x 1.5 mt 2 6.7 mt6.7% 2 x 3 mt 10.0% and 3 x 4
2 x 3 mt 3 10.0
3 x 4 mt 1 3.3 mt 3.3%2 x 2 mt 10.0% 3 x 6 mt
2 x 2 mt 3 10.0 3.3%3 x 3 mt 3.3% Not available
3 x 6 mt 1 3.3 33.3%
3 x 3 mt 1 3.3
Not available 10 33.3
Total 30 100.0
Fig No (13) Area of rest room
 Table No (14) Toilets area
Frequency Percent
From table the number of Toilets
1.5x2 mt. 21 70.0
2x2 mt 6 20.0 area 70.0% 1.5x2 mt. and2x2 mt
2 x 3 mt 1 3.3
20.0% 2 x 3 mt 3.3% and 1 x 1 mt
1 x 1 mt 1 3.3
Not available 1 3.3 3.3%Not available 3.3%
Total 30 100.0

Fig No (14) Toilets area

Table No (15) Area of Equipment store
Frequency Percent
3x3.5 mt 6 20.0 From table the number of Area
2x3.5 mt. 9 30.0 of Equipment store 3x3.5 mt
3 mt. 1 3.3 20.0% 2x3.5 mt 30.0%. and 3 m
2 x 1.5 mt. 2 6.7 3.3% 2 x 1.5 mt6.7% and 4 x 4
4 x 4 mt. 3 10.0 mt.10.0% 2.5 x 3 mt 3.3% and 2
2.5 x 3 mt. 1 3.3 x 2 mt 10.0% 3 x 3 mt. 3.3.%
2 x 2 mt. 3 10.0 Non 13.3%
3 x 3 mt. 1 3.3
Non 4 13.3
Fig No (15) Area of Equipment store
Total 30 100.0
Table No (16) Office area
Frequency Percent From above table the number of
4x4 mt. 5 16.7 Office area 16.7% 4x4 mt. and3x
3x 3.5 mt. 2 6.7 3.5 mt. 6.7% 2 x 2 mt 40.0% and
2 x 2 mt. 12 40.0
3 x 3 mt. 2 6.7 3 x 3 mt 6.7%2 x 1 mt 10.0% 3 x
2 x 1 mt. 3 10.0 2 mt 3.3%2.5 x 5 mt 3.3% 1.5 x 2
3 x 2 mt. 1 3.3 mt.3.3%
2.5 x 5 mt. 1 3.3
1.5 x 2 mt. 1 3.3 And 2.5 x 3 mt 3.3% Not
2.5 x 3 mt. 1 3.3 available 6.7%
Not available 2 6.7
Total 30 100.0
Fig No (16) Office area
Table No (17) Equipment

Frequency Percent From table the number

of Equipment Standard
Standard 4 13.3 13.3% Not Standard
Not Standard 26 86.7 86.7%

Total 30 100.0

Fig No (17) Equipment

Table No (18) Number of staff at the unit
Frequency Percent
6 staff 4 13.3
8 staff 9 30.0 From above table the number of
4 staff 11 36.7
20 staff 1 3.3 staff at the unit 6 staff 13.3% 8 staff
13 staff 1 3.3 30.0% 4 staff 36.7% 20 staff 3.3%
12 staff 1 3.3
10 staff 1 3.3 13 staff 3.3% 12 staff 3.3% 10 staff
40 staff 1 3.3 3.3%40 staff 3.3% 9 staff 3.3%
9 staff 1 3.3
Total 30 100.0

Fig No (18) Number of staff at the unit

Table No (19) Percentage of nurses per patient

Frequency Percent From above table the number

of Percentage of nurses per
1:1 28 93.3 patient 93.3% 1:1 and 3:4%
3:4 2 6.7 6.7%
Total 30 100.0

Fig No (19) Percentage of nurses per patient

Table No (20) Number of working hours

Frequency Percent
4 hours 0 0 From table the number of
6 hours 0 0
8 hours 12 40.0 Percentage of working hours
12 hours 16 53.3
20 hours 1 3.3 40.0% and 53.3% and 20
16 hours 1 3.3
hours3.3% and 16 hours 3.3%
Total 30 100.0

Fig (20) Number of working hours

Table No (21) of Engineers
Frequency Percent
1 Engineers 10 33.3 From above table the number
2 Engineers 13 43.3 Engineers1 Engineers 33.3% and
3 Engineers 4 13.3 2 Engineers 43.3% and 3
6 Engineers 1 3.3 Engineers13.3% and 6 Engineers
4 Engineers 1 3.3 3.3%4 Engineers 3.3% 3.3%Non.
Non 1 3.3
Total 30 100.0
Fig (21) of Engineers
Table No (22) Number of equipment technicians

Frequency Percent
1 technicians 15 50.0 From table the number
of equipment
2 technicians 6 20.0 technicians1 technicians
3 technicians 4 13.3 50.0% and 2technicians
20.0% and 3 technicians
4 technicians 2 6.7 13.3% and
6 technicians 2 6.7 4technicians6.7%6
technicians6.7% and
Non 1 3.3
Total 30 100.0 3.3% Non .

Fig No (22) Number of

equipment technicians
 References:-
1.Joseph F Dyright,Clinical engineering handbook ,(
2004).
2.Abdel Elah Siddiq Haj Ahmed and others ,ICU
Evaluation in Khartoum state(case Study),(2015).
3.Dr Narendra Rungta ,ICU planning and Design in
India (2010).
4.WHO(World Health Organization).