DIGESTIVE ANATOMY

PRIMARY ORGANS
 ACCESSORY ORGANS
PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND

SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLAND

SUBMANDIUBULAR SALIVARY
GLAND

LIVER

GALL BLADDER PANCREAS

FUNCTIONS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ORAL CAVITY
 ORAL CAVITY ANATOMY
The oral cavity is lined by
stratified squamous epithelium.
The tissue forming the gingiva,
hard palate, and dorsum of the
tongue is slightly keratinized.

Its boundaries are the lips

anteriorly, cheeks laterally,
palate superiorly, and the
tongue inferiorly. Posteriorly,
the oral cavity is continuous
with the oropharynx.
 ANATOMY of the TONGUE
Filiform papillae are the
smallest and most numerous.
They are aligned in parallel
rows. These papillae aid in
licking and provide friction for
moving food by the tongue.
Fungiform papillae are
scattered over the tongue
surface. They have a vascular
core that gives them a reddish
hue. Also, they house taste
buds.
Vallate papillae are in V shaped
row at the back of the tongue.
They have bitter receptors.
EXTRINSIC SALIVARY GLANDS
 SALIVARY GLANDS

COMPOSITION OF SALIVA
1. 97-99% water with a pH of 6.7-7
2. Electrolytes mainly Na+, K+, Cl-, PO4- , HCO3-
3. Salivary amylase
4. Mucin
5. IgA antibodies, lysozyme, defensins
 SALIVARY GLANDS
CONTROL OF SALIVATION
1. Parasympathetic division of ANS control the
extrinsic glands. Uses both pressure and
chemoreceptors, to stimulate the salivatory nuclei in
the medulla. Action potentials return to the
extrinsic salivary glands via cranial nerves VII, and
IX. The salvia released is serous containing salivary
amylase.

2. Sympathetic division of ANS causes the release

of a thick mucin rich salvia, and inhibits the release
of serous salvia. This results in a dry mouth.
 ORAL CAVITY ANATOMY
Deciduous Teeth

1. Central Incisors
2. Lateral Incisors
3. Cuspids
4. First Molars
5. Second Molars
 ORAL CAVITY ANATOMY
Permanent Dentition
1. Central Incisors
2. Lateral Incisors
3. Cuspids
4. First Premolars
5. Second Premolars
6. First Molars
7. Second Molars
8. Third Molars
 ANATOMY of TEETH
Crown is formed from
enamel. Enamel is acellular
and is formed from
hydroxyapatite crystals.

Root is covered by cementum

which attaches the tooth to
the periodontal ligament.
This ligament attaches the
tooth to alveolar socket in
the bone.
 ANATOMY of TEETH
Deep to the enamel and the
root of the tooth is dentin.
Dentin contains radial
striations called dentinal
tubules. Each dentinal
tubule contains an elongated
process of an odontoblast.

The dentin surrounds the

pulp cavity, which contains
nerve fibers, blood vessels,
and connective tissue.
ORAL CAVITY ANATOMY

OROPHARYNX

LARYNGOPHARYNX
PHARYNX
 PHARYNX ANATOMY

The pharynx is divided

into three regions. The
nasopharynx, oropharynx,
and the laryngopharynx.
The mucosa is composed
of stratified squamous
epithelium which is
supplied with mucus
producing glands.
 PHARYNX ANATOMY

The external muscle layer

consists of 2 skeletal
muscle layers. The
internal layers run
longitudinally. The outer
layer encircles the wall of
the pharynx. Contractions
of these muscles propel
food into the esophagus.
ESOPHAGUS
 ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY
The esophagus is a muscular
tube about 25 cm long which
connects the pharynx with
the stomach. The esophagus
takes a straight course
ESOPHAGUS

through the mediastinum of

the thorax and pierces the
diaphragm at the esophageal
hiatus to enter the abdomen
and the stomach.
ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY
 ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY

The esophageal mucosa

contains nonkeratinized
stratified squamous
epithelium. At the
esophageal stomach
junction the epithelium
changes to simple
columnar epithelium.
 ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY

The submucosa contains

mucus secreting glands.
As a bolus moves through
the esophagus, it
compresses these glands,
causing them to secrete
mucus which aids in the
movement of food.
 ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY

The muscularis externa is

skeletal muscle in its
superior third, a mixture
of skeletal and smooth
muscle in its middle third,
and entirely smooth
muscle in its inferior
third.
 ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY

The serosa is entirely

connective tissue which
blends with surrounding
structures along its route.
 ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY

The pharynx propels food

into the esophagus
through the upper
esophageal sphincter.

Upper esophageal
sphincter
 ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY

The bolus of food is

propelled within the
esophagus by peristalsis.
 ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY

The bolus of food is

propelled within the
esophagus by peristalsis.
ESOPHAGUS ANATOMY
STOMACH
STOMACH ANATOMY
HISTOLOGY of the STOMACH
 STOMACH CELLS

1. Mucous Neck Cells--mucin

2. Parietal Cell--HCl, and
intrinsic factor
3. Chief Cells--pepsinogen
4. Enteroendocrine Cells—
gastrin, histamine,
serotonin, cholecystokinin,
 STOMACH CELLS

1. MUCOUS NECK CELLS--

mucin
2. PARIETAL CELL--HCl, and
intrinsic factor
3. CHIEF CELLS--pepsinogen
4. ENTEROENDOCRINE
CELLS—gastrin, histamine,
serotonin, cholecystokinin, and
somatostatin.
 STOMACH CELLS

PARIETAL CELL--HCl,
and intrinsic factor
SMALL INTESTINES
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY
The small intestines is a
convoluted tube beginning
at the pyloric sphincter
and ending at the ileocecal
valve. The small intestines
are about 8-13 feet long
in a patient, and about 20
feet in a cadaver.

The small intestines are SMALL INTESTINES

divided into the duodenum,

jejunum, and the ileum.
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY

The duodenum is about

10 in long and is mostly
retroperitoneal. The
bile duct and the
pancreatic duct join to
form the
hepatopancreatic
ampulla which opens
DUODENUM

into the duodenum.

MAJOR DUODENAL HEPATOPANCREATIC
PAPILLA AMPULLA
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY
The jejunum, which is
about 8 feet long, extends
from the duodenum to the
ileum.

The ileum, which is about

12 feet, joins the large
intestines at the ileoceal
valve.
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY

The small intestine is highly

adapted for absorption. Its
length, together with its
plicae circulares, villi, and
microvilli amplify its surface
area enormously.

The plicae circularies are

deep permanent folds of the
mucosa and submucosa.
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY

Villi are fingerlike

projections of the mucosa.
The epithelial cells of the
villi are absorptive
columnar cells. In the
core of each villus is dense
capillary bed and a lymph
capillary the lacteal.
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY

Villi are fingerlike

projections of the mucosa.
The epithelial cells of the
villi are absorptive
columnar cells. In the
core of each villus is dense
capillary bed and a lymph
capillary the lacteal.
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY

Microvilli, tiny projections

of the plasma membrane
of the absorptive cells of
the mucosa, give the
mucosal surface a fuzzy
appearance called the
brush border.
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY
The cells of the microvilli
include simple columnar
epithelial cells, goblet cells,
scattered enteroendocrine
cells, and T cells. The
plasma membrane of the
epithelial cells have
enzymes called brush
border enzymes which
complete the digestion of
carbohydrates and proteins.
SMALL INTESTINES ANATOMY
Between the villi, the mucosa is
studded with pits that lead into
tubular intestinal glands called
intestinal crypts.

The epithelial cells that line

these crypts secrete intestinal
juice. The intestinal juice is a
waterly mixture containing
mucus that serves as a carrier
fluid for absorbing nutrients
from chyme.
LIVER
 LIVER ANATOMY

The liver is the largest

gland in the body,
weighing about 1.4 Kg.
It is located under the
diaphragm, within the
rib cage in the upper
right quadrant of the
LIVER

abdomen. The liver is

an accessory digestive GALL

gland. BLADDER
 LIVER ANATOMY
4 Lobes
Major: Left and right
Minor: Caudate and
quadrate
Ducts
Common hepatic
Cystic
From gallbladder
Common bile
Joins pancreatic duct at
hepatopancreatic ampulla
 LIVER ANATOMY
The liver is composed of
liver lobules which are
roughly hexagonal
structures consisting of
hepatocytes. The hepato-
cytes radiate outward
from a central vein. At
each of the six corners of
a lobule is a portal triad.
Between the hepatocytes
are the liver sinusoids.
 LIVER ANATOMY
The hepatocytes produce bile
which flows through canals,
called bile canaliculi to a bile
duct. The bile ducts eventually
leave the liver via the common
hepatic duct.

The hepatocytes also process

nutrients into macromolecules,
store fat-soluble vitamins, and
play an important part in
detoxification.
 LIVER ANATOMY
Bile is a yellow green alkaline
solution containing bile salts,
bile pigments, cholesterol,
neutral fats, phospholipids, and
a variety of electrolytes. The
liver produces ½ to 1 liter of
bile daily.

Bile salts emulsify fats. As a LIVER

result, large fat globules
entering the small intestine are
physically separated into
millions of small fat droplets to GALL
BLADDER
be digested and absorbed.
LIVER ANATOMY
 GALLBLADDER ANATOMY
The gallbladder is a thin
walled green muscular sac
on the inferior surface of
the liver. The gallbladder
stores bile that is not
immediately needed for
digestion and concentrates LIVER
it. When the muscular wall
of the gallbladder
contracts bile is expelled GALL
BLADDER
into the bile duct.
LIVER GALLBLADDER
ANATOMY
PANCREAS
 PANCREAS ANATOMY
The pancreas is a feather
shaped gland that extends
across the left side of the
abdomen from the spleen to
the C shaped duodenum.

The pancreas is an accessory

digestive organ that produces
pancreatic juice.
 PANCREAS ANATOMY
The pancreas is composed
of both exocrine cells and
endocrine cells.

The exocrine cells are

located within the acini.
These cells are responsible
for the digestive enzymes
produced by the pancreas,
and bicarbonate ions.
 PANCREAS ANATOMY

Scattered among the acini

are the pancreatic islets.
Within the islets are
located endocrine cells
which produce insulin and
glucagon. These hormones
play an important role in
blood glucose homeostasis.
PANCREAS ANATOMY
 PANCREAS ANATOMY

The exocrine cells of the

acini produce about 1500
ml of pancreatic juice
daily. It consists mainly
of water, enzymes, and
bicarbonate ions. The pH
is alkaline which helps to PANCREAS

neutralize the acid chyme.

 PANCREAS ANATOMY

The acinar cells produce

about 1500 ml of
pancreatic juice daily. It
consists mainly of water,
enzymes, and bicarbonate
ions. The pH is alkaline
which helps to neutralize
the acid chyme.
LARGE INTESTINES
 LARGE INTESTINE ANATOMY

The large intestine frames

the small intestines and
extends from the ileocecal
valve to the anus. Its
diameter, is greater than
that of the small intestine
and it is 1.5m long.
 LARGE INTESTINE ANATOMY
The large intestine
exhibits 3 features not
seen in other area of the
digestive system. These
include the teniae coli,
haustra, and epiploic
appendages.
The large intestine is
divided into the cecum,
appendix, colon, rectum
and the anal canal.
 LARGE INTESTINE ANATOMY
Indigestible food residues
travels from the cecum, to
ascending colon, turns at
the right colic (hepatic)
flexure, to the transverse
colon, turns at the left
colic (splenic) flexure, to
the descending colon,
sigmoid colon, rectum, and
finally the anal canal.
 LARGE INTESTINE ANATOMY
The colon mucosa is simple
columnar epithelium
except in the anal canal
where it is stratified
squamous epithelium.
There are no circular
folds and a reduced
number of villi. The
mucosa is thicker, with a
larger number of globet
cells.
LARGE INTESTINE ANATOMY
 LARGE INTESTINE ANATOMY
The last segment of the
large intestine is the anal
canal. The anal canal is
about 3 cm long. It begins
where the anus penetrates
the pelvic floor and it
opens to the body exterior
at the anus. The anal
canal has 2 sphincters, an
internal and external. It
is lined with stratified
squamous epithelial tissue.