Mining methods for steeply dipping and massive

deposits
Mining methods for steeply dipping and massive deposits

Sublevel caving

With caving Induced Block Caving

of overburden Block caving
Top slicing

Sublevel stoping
Self supported methods
Large open stope mining

Without caving
of overburden Continues bench backfilling stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
Supported methods
Undercut and fill stoping
Shrinkage stoping
Square-set stoping
CAVING METHODES
Sublevel caving
Sublevel caving
Sublevel caving
Induced block caving
Induced block caving with blasting on the broken rock

1 - drilling drifts ; 2 - level drift ; 3 - haulage drift ; 4 -

draw points ; 5 - control crosscut.
Blocs foudroys avec tir avec chambres de dgagement

2 3

1 - galeries de foration ; 2 - points de soutirage; 3 -galerie de transport

Volume relatif des chambres de dgagement - 30%

Bloc caving - non mechanized mining
Bloc caving - mechanized mining
Characteristics of caving methods

Advantages :
high stope output and personnel
productivity
low costs
good security conditions

Disadvantages :
method is not selective
high dilution and losses
method is inflexible
caving of surface

Application :
massive steeply dipping deposits
low ore value
 Top slicing

Advantage : low loss and dilution

Application :
Disadvantages :
steeply dipping deposits
stope production and personnel
ore width > to 3-4 m
productivity are low
weak ore and walls
costs are high
high ore value
SELF SUPPORTED METHODS
Sublevel stoping
Sublevel stoping
Sublevel stoping
Sublevel stoping in thick orebody

B A-a
A B-b

C C

C-c
B
A
Large open stope mining
Large open stope mining
Large open stope mining
Large open stope mining with primary and
secondary stopes
Large open stope mining with caving of pillars
Large open stope mining with lost pillars
Characteristics of self supported methods

Advantages :
high stope output and personnel
productivity
low dilution
low costs
good security conditions

Disadvantages :
method is not selective
high losses in pillars or higher costs for backfilling
method is inflexible

Application :
massive steeply dipping deposits
competent ore and host rocks
low ore value with lost pillars
high ore value with cemented fill
SUPPORTED METHODS
Continuous bench backfilling stoping
 Cut-and-fill stoping

1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - rise for fill and ventilation ; 4 - ore passe ; 5 - manway rise ; 6 -
crosscut ; 7, 8 - pillars ; 9 - ore ; 10 - broken ore ; 11 - backfill .
Cut-and-fill stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
 Cut-and-fill stoping

drilling

loading

filling

competent rock medium rock weak rock

 Cut-and-fill stoping
jumbo

ore

backfill LHD
 Cut-and-fill stoping

Drilled stope face LHD in the stope

Cut-and-fill stoping
Cut-and-fill stoping
 Dilution calculation

For > 15 - 20 :

W opening = L sin a + h cos a + 2a

a

L
h For < 15 - 20 :

W opening = L sin a + h cos a + a

a

Characteristics of cut-and-fill stoping

Advantages :
method is selective
low dilution and losses
flexibility

Disadvantages :
low stope output and personnel
productivity
high costs

Application :
competent ore
weak host rocks
high ore value
deposit can be irregular
 Undercut-and-fill stoping

1 - rise for fill ; 2 - orepasse ; 3 - crosscut ; 4 - ventilation opening ; 5 - limit of mining ; 6 - stop limit haulage
drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - rise for fill and ventilation ; 4 - ore passe ; 5 - manway rise ; 6 - crosscut ; I -
blasting ; II - loading ; III - backfilling.
 Undercut-and-fill stoping

1 - top level ; 2 - haulage level ; 3 - ramp ; 4 - stop access ; 5 - ore and fill pass ; 6 - limit of mining.
 Undercut-and-fill stoping

1 - ore mat ; 2 - reinforcement wire mesh ; 3 - anchoring ; 4 - cable ; 5 - polystyrene sheathing ; 6 - ore ; 7 -
walls ; 8 - backfill of the previous cut.
Undercut-and-fill stoping

crosscut for backfilling

access to the cut, 20%

ramp, 20%

R - fill pass ; J - ore pass.

Undercut-and-fill stoping
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Undercut-and-fill stoping
Characteristics of cut-and-fill stoping

Advantages :
method is selective
low dilution and losses
flexibility

Disadvantages :
low stope output and personnel
productivity
very high costs

Application :
weak ore and host rocks
very high ore value
 Shrinkage stoping

1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport drift ; 3 - manway and ventilation rise ; 4 - doghole ; 5 - pillar ; 6 - crosscut ; 7 -
ore ; 8 - drillholes ; 9 - brocken ore .
Shrinkage stoping
 Shrinkage stoping

A-A B-B
B
A

broken ore

1 - haulage drift ; 2 - transport and ventilation drift ; 3 - doghole ; 4 - stop sill.

 Shrinkage stoping

prepared stop

level 144 fan

cap pillar of 5 m

Alimac rise
openings

mined out stop

stop at the
end of mining

stop in operation

thin pillar
tubing for ventilation pillars

haulage level 200 fan

 Shrinkage stoping

prepared stop

level 130
cap pillar

mined out stop

ore width
height

stop in operation
thin pillar

pillars 2.5 x 2 m

haulage level 200

Characteristics of shrinkage stoping

Advantages :
selective blasting
low costs

Disadvantages :
mucking is not selective
low stope output
low personnel productivity
loss in pillars
difficulty in mechanization

Application :
stable ore and host rocks
steeply dipping deposit
regular boundaries of ore body
ore thickness up to 5 m
broken ore must not re-cement with time
Square-set stoping

Application :
deposit of 30 to 60 dip and
of 1 to 3 m thickness
weak ore and walls
high value of ore

Advantages :
selectivity
low loss and dilution

Disadvantages :
stope production and personnel
productivity are low
because of important
wood consumption
costs are high
 Application of different mining methods in
Stables steeply dipping narrow vein deposits

Shrinkage
Cut-and-fill
Ore stability

Sublevel stoping

Continuous bench backfilling

Instables

Undercut-and-partiaml
Undercut-and-full filling
filling
Instable Stable
Walls Stability
 Application of different mining methods in
High ore value massive vein deposits

Undercut-and-fill
Ore value

Cut-and-fill

Large open stoping

with cemented fill

Zone de foudroyage
Foration

Sublevel caving
Low ore value

soutirage grizzly

roulage

Block caving Large open stoping

with lost pillars
Low ore stability High ore stability
Ore stability