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Asphalt and Tar Material
Engineered Asphalt Cements
Hot-mixed asphalt
Cutbacks
Emulsions
Properties of Asphalt
History
3500 B.C. natural bitumen used to line
reservoirs by the Greeks
LIGHT
DISTILLATE SOLVENTS
GASOLENE
PUMPING MEDIUM
STATION DISTILLATE JET FUEL
HEAVY
DISTILLATE LUBRICANTS
TOWER
DISTILLATION HEATING OIL
RESIDUAL ASPHALT
CEMENTS
STORAGE TUBE CONDENSERS
HEATER AND
COOLERS Lighter molecules vaporize
Asphalt cement remains
Residual varies in consistency
Asphalt Characterization
Flash Point: temperature at which a substance will ignite with a
open flame
Rolling Thin-Film Oven: indicator of the aging effect of
short term high temperatures when producing ACC.
Viscosity: rotational viscometer measures the viscosity at a
standard temperature (135C)
Complex Shear Modulus: dynamic shear rheometer
Flexural Creep: bending beam rheometer measure creep
stiffness
Tensile Strength
Engineered Asphalt Cement
Hot mixed asphalt (pavements)
Viscous semi-solid
Flows for heating into liquid range
Cutback asphalt
Viscous liquid
Cut with oil distillates
Emulsion asphalt
Viscous liquid
Cut with water
- Asphalt Binder Liquefied with Water
Emulsions
Water - reduces viscosity
Emulsifier gives surface charge to asphalt droplets suspended
in water medium
Anionic Water
Negative charge
Alkaline (Basic) aggregate Asphalt
Good with limestones (positive charge) Binder
Cationic
Positive charge
Acidic aggregate
Good with silica gravels (negative charge)
Consistency controlled by amount of water
Stability controlled by choicer of emulsifier
Environmentally correct
Properties of Asphalt Cement
Adhesion: property to connect dissimilar materials
shear _ stress
poises 0.1Pa s
shear _ rate
Kinetic Viscosity, centistokes
Absolute viscosity
densityg / cm3
Penetration: empirical measure of ease to penetration
Penetration of 1 mm diameter needle.
Performance-Graded Asphalt Binders
Maximum
Temperature Minimum Temperature (C)
(C)
PG 46 -34 -40 -46
PG 52 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46
PG 58 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40
PG 64 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40
PG 70 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40
PG 76 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34
PG 82 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34
Given that the minimum measured air temperature for a site is-21C and
the maximum 7-day average temperature is 73C, which PG grade should
be used for this site. Here, use PG 76 -22.
Alternative Grading System
Grade Viscosity Penetration Flash Point
Abs., Poises Kinetic, cStokes
C
AC-2.5 250 125 220 163
AC-5 500 175 140 177
AC-10 1000 250 80 219
AC-20 2000 300 60 232
AC-30 3000 350 50 232
AC-40 4000 400 40 232
Asphalt and Asphalt Concrete
Asphalt Concrete
Aggregates
Properties
Pavements
Mixture Design
Asphalt Concrete
Aggregates
clean and dry aggregates are necessary for
adhesion (no dust, no water)
interlocking nature creates internal friction
which is important to the long-term
properties of the asphalt concrete.
angular shape aggregates 50-80% with 2
angular faces
ACC: Importance of Aggregate
Asphalt cement has
no strength at
Modulus, Pa
temperatures > 60C
Stability of
pavements in hot
weather is due to
internal friction in
the aggregates -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Temperature, C
Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Mixtures of aggregate
and asphalt cement
binder
about 95% aggregate
by weight
about 75% aggregate
by volume
ideally, 3-5% air voids
Asphalt Concrete
Flexibility
high binder content
low viscosity binder
Short-term Loadings
elastic properties of binder-aggregate
matrix
Asphalt Concrete
Long-term Durability
fluid properties of binder
dry clean aggregates
water causes stripping
strong porous angular stone
durable aggregates (LA abrasion)
Asphalt Concrete
ACC Surface
ACC Base
Granular Subbase
Subgrade
Asphalt Pavement Distress
Cracking
Consistency
Rutting
-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Temperature, C
Asphalt Concrete Applications
Roofing,
slurry
composition shingles
Sealants
waterproofing for foundations, etc
electrical insulation
Asphalt Concrete Applications
Pavements
Hot Mixed Asphalt Cement
(asphaltine, resin)
Emulsions (repairs, small jobs)
moist or dry aggregates
hot or cold applications
no fuel or solvents
anionic or cationic
Asphalt Concrete Applications
Rutting
5 - 15 m Fatigue Cracking
Molasses High-temperature
rutting
-25 0 25 50 75
Approximate Temperature, C