1

CITING REFERENCES AND

REPHRASING
 Purpose
2

A. to identify (cite) other peoples ideas and

information used within your essay or research
paper, and
B. to indicate the sources of these citations in the
References list at the end of your paper
 Various style manuals
3

APA American Psychological Association

MLA Modern Language Association
Chicago Style Chicago Manual of Style
Turabian Style based on Chicago Style
Harvard Referencing System
ASA American Sociological Association
CBE - Council of Biology Editors
APA style

American Psychological
Association
In 1929, published
instructions for authors on
how to prepare
manuscripts for APA
journals
Later used for theses, term
papers, etc.
Latest edition 6th in 2009
Widely used in social
sciences, including MS

4
 5

CITING IN TEXT
 Authors name in sentence/Authors name in
parentheses
6

Despite the countless uses of the Internet, an omnipresent

problem is also linked with its usage i.e. internet access
for personal use in the workplace (Lim, Teo & Loo,
2002; Lee, Lim & Wong, 2004; Pee, Woon &
Kankanhalli, 2008; Ramayah, 2010). This personal
Internet use in the workplace is called as
cyberloafing. Yong (2000) first introduced
cyberloafing to be an emerging phenomenon and
specified its consequences.
 Short quotation
7

When fewer than 40 words

Put prose quotation in running text
Put quote marks around quoted material
Authors last name, publication year, and
page number(s) of quote must appear in the
text
 Example Short quotation
8

Blanchard and Henle (2007) states that a

cyberloafing is the personal use of email and the Internet
while at work (p. 15).

In our study we use the terminology cyberloafing as the

personal use of email and the Internet while at work
(Blanchard & Henle, 2007, p. 15).
 Long quotations
9

When 40 words or more

In block form
Indent 5-7 spaces and omit the quotation
marks
Do not use quotation marks
Double space the block quote
Cite the source after the end punctuation of
the quote
 Example Long quotation
10

Meile (1993) found the following:

The placebo effect, which had been verified in
previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were
studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were
never exhibited again, even when real drugs were
administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in
attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)
 Secondary reference
11

In 1947 the World Health Organization

proposed the following definition of health. Health
is a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease
and infirmity (World Health Organization, as
cited in Potter & Perry, 2001, p. 3).
 Multiple authors
12

2 authors cite both names separated by &

Example:
(Kosik & Martin, 1999, p. 127)
3-5 authors cite all authors first time; after first
time, use et al.
Example:
(Wilson et al., 2000)
6 or more authors cite first authors name and et al.
Example:
(Perez et al., 1992)
 Multiple citations
13

Multiple sources from same author chronological

order, separated by comma
(Burke, 1998, 1999, in press)
Within same year:
(Burke, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, in press)
Multiple sources separated by semicolon,
alphabetical order
(Burke, 1998; Perez, 1992; Wilhite, 2001)
 Handling parenthetical citations
14

More than one author with the same last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)
Specific part of a source
(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)
 Handling parenthetical citations
15

If the source has no known author, then use an

abbreviated version of the title:
Full Title: Determinants of Cyberloafing: A
Comparative Study of a Public and Private Sector
Organization
Citation: (Cyberloafing, 2017)
 Sample parenthetical citations
16

To prevent various losses, the organizations have implemented many

control mechanisms, such as implementing Internet use policies (Siau,
Nah, & Teng, 2002; Moody & Siponen, 2013), blocking access to the
Internet or certain websites and punishment strategies (Urbaczewski &
Jessup, 2002; Baturaya & Toker, 2015), and monitoring employee
Internet usage by technical means (Nayeem, Rangachari, Trent, Josyula,
1997; Moody & Siponen, 2013). But these mechanisms significantly fail
to reduce the intention and behaviour of cyberloafing (Baturaya &
Toker, 2015). There is a need, therefore, to identify the actual factors
that contribute toward cyberloafing among employees. After
understanding the actual factors that affect the behaviour of employees
and contribute toward misuse of the Internet at work, it becomes easier
to understand root causes of the problem (Pee et al., 2008; Betts et al.,
2014).
 Tables
17
 Tables
18
 Tables
19
 Tables
20
 21

REFERENCE LIST /
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Reference list
22

Place the list of references cited at the end of the

paper
Start references on a new page
Begin each entry flush with the left margin
Indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces
(hanging indent)
Double space both within and between entries
Italicize the title of books, magazines, etc.
 Reference list order
23

Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with authors last

name
If author has more than one source, arrange entries by year,
earliest first
If no author given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize
without counting a, an, or the
Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used
instead of an author name
 Example Reference list order
24

Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control

Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of

Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors

Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention

Kumpfer, K. L., Alvarado, R., Smith, P.,

Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions

 Group author
25

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual

of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
 Book with one author
26

Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind.

Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.
 Book with two authors
27

Struck, W., & White, E. B. (1979).

The elements of style (3rd ed.).
New York: Macmillan.
 Book with six or more authors
28

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.,

Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An
experimental evaluation of
 Book with no author
29

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.).

(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
 Book with editors
30

Allison, M. T., & Schneider, I. E. (Eds.). (2000). Diversity

and the recreation profession: Organizational
perspectives. State College, PA: Venture.
 Chapter in book
31

Stern, J. A., & Dunham, D. N. (1990). The ocular system.

In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds.), Principles of
psychophysiology: Physical, social, and inferential
elements (pp. 513-553). Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.
 Multivolume book
32

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of

science (Vols. 1-6). New York: McGraw-Hill.
 Journal article
33

Sellard, S., & Mills, M. E. (1995). Administrative

issues for use of nurse practitioners. Journal of
Nursing Administration, 25(5), 64-70.
 Article in press
34

Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare

lexicon. Journal of Health.
 Abstract
35

Misumi, J., & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects of PM

organizational development in supermarket
organization. Japanese Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 21, 93-111. [Abstract]
Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68, Abstract No.
11474
 Magazine
36

Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the

mind. Science, 262, 673-674.
 Newspaper
37

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity

affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
 Encyclopedia article
38

Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity . In Gale encyclopedia of

science (Vol. 15, pp. 82-86). New York, Gale
Encyclopedia Co.
 Thesis
39

Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of counseling

professionals (Unpublished masters thesis, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore).
 Electronic sources
40

Velmans, M. (1999). When perception

becomes conscious. British Journal of
Psychology, 90, 543-566. Retrieved from
the Expanded Academic ASAP database.
 Web page
41

Green, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy of

psychology web resources. Retrieved from
http://www.yorku.ca/dept.htm
 Article with DOI
42

Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and

analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American
Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482488.
doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
 Online dictionary
43

Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Websters online dictionary.

Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary
 Sample Reference List
44

References
Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August
21, 2002 from: http://www.csubak.edu/~1vega/dustin2.html
Flory, R. K., (1969a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food
interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825-828.
Flory, R. K., (1969b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of
reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383-386.
Flory, R. K., & Everist, H.D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on
schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9,
383-386.
Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the
Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813-817.
 45

REPHRASING AND VERBS

 VERBS TO INTRODUCE QUOTATIONS AND
PARAPHRASES
46

In an academic paper where you need to refer to the ideas of other writers
and researchers in your field, you will need to introduce their ideas to the
readers using reporting verbs.
The most commonly used verbs for this purpose tend to be in these forms :
X states that....,
Y says that...., or
It is said that.... etc.
However, these are not the only verbs used to refer to the ideas of other
writers.
To prevent the over-use of the above examples, you can choose from the
following list of reference verbs.

METU School of Foreign Languages

 VERBS
47

acknowledge conclude dispute give example

add confirm distinguish go on to say
admit concentrate emphasize identify
advise continue endeavour imply
advocate criticize examine include
agree deal with expand on incorporate
analyze define explain indicate
argue demonstrate explore insist
assert deny express interpret
believe describe feel introduce
claim develop find judge
comment disagree form justify
compare discuss focus on link
 VERBS
48

list refer to talk about oppose

locate refute think point out
maintain reject tend to provide
negate report treat put forward
note represent try to question
object to respond use quote
observe reveal underline stress
offer see underscore suggest
separate view support
show write
stand for
state
49

Below is a categorized version of the above list, though

it does not cover all the possible words. You need to
add some more to these lists as you encounter them in
your own reading.
Verbs and other expressions neutral in meaning :

according to acknowledge
comment define
describe
discuss
note
state point out
50

Verbs that indicate the authors position on an issue:

argue reject
claim support
emphasize challenge
recommend doubt
suggest put forward
assert refute
defend maintain
51

Verbs that indicate what the authors thinking:

assume think
consider hypothesize
recognize believe
52

Verbs that indicate that the author is showing

something:

demonstrate indicate
present show
explain illustrate
53

Verbs that indicate that the author is proving

something:

confirm establish
prove substantiate
validate verify
54

Verbs that indicate what the author did:

analyze apply
estimate evaluate
examine find
investigate study observe
 Verbs and expressions to include slight uncertainty
when drawing conclusions:
55

When reporting a particular academic study,

experimentation or observation, researchers need to
be very careful about the kind of language to use in
order to convey realistic and true messages to the
academic circles.
This is why they often need to be very clear about the
level of certainty they can adopt about the
conclusions and observations.
The best and most frequent way to do this is to use
some of the constructions below in your language.
 Verbs and expressions to include slight uncertainty
when drawing conclusions:
56

Modals: may, might, can, could, would, should

Verbs: seem to, appear to, believe, assume,
suggest, estimate, tend to, think, indicate
Adjectives and adverbs: possible, probable,
likely, unlikely, perhaps, possibly, probably
 57

ANOTHER LIST OF VERBS

 Verbs for Making Claim
58

Argue Remind us
Assert Report
Believe Suggest
Claim
Emphasize
Insist
Observe
 Verbs for expressing agreement
59

Acknowledge
Admire
Agree
Endorse
Extol
Praise
 Verbs for questioning and disagreeing
60

Complain Qualify
Complicate
Question
Contend
Refute
Contradict
Reject
Deny
Renounce
Deplore the tendency to
Repudiate
 Verbs for making recommendations
61

Advocate Implore
Call for Plead
Demand Recommend
Encourage Urge
Exhort Warn
 Templates for Introducing Quotations
X states, not all steroids should be banned from sports.
As the prominent philosopher X puts it, ____.
According to x, _________.
X himself writes, _________.
In her book, _____, X maintains that ________.
Writing in the journal Commentary, X complains that
____________.
In Xs view, _________
X disagrees when he writes, __________.
X complicates matters further when she writes, _____.
 Responding: Disagreeing, with Reasons
(For use in your refutation)

I think X is mistaken because she overlooks __________.

Xs claim that ___________ rests upon the questionable
assumption that ___________.
I disagree with Xs view that ___________ because, as recent
research has shown, ________.
X contradicts herself/cant hae it both ways. On the one hand,
she argues _____. On the other hand, she also argues _____.
By focusing on _____, X overlooks the deeper problem of
_____.
 Agreeing
X is surely right about _____ because, as she may not be
aware, recent studies have shown that _____.
Xs theory of _____ is extremely useful because it sheds
insight on the difficult problem of _____.
Those unfamiliar with this school of thought may be
interested to know that it basically boils down to _____.
I agree that _____, a point that needs emphasizing since
so many people believe _____.
If group X is right that _____, as I think they are, then we
need to reassess the popular assumption that _____.
65

GOOD LUCK